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smd Embalming Fluids.. 


with the 


Bibliography of Embalming. 


A THESIS 


PRESENTED 


BY 


"varies W. McCurdy, Sc. D., Ph • p; 

Profes ,or of CUnistry. University of mko. 

Moscow, Idaho. 


,h. Post-Gradual Department, 

of Doctor of Philosophy, ^ ^^y^Wooster, June 11. I* 95 • 

* CoLTe TChemistry,of the ^versify of 


Reprinted from the 


Post-Graduate and 


Wooster Quarterly. April ws, ‘ 









i 



PREFACE. 

The thesis of Professor C. W. McCurdy, Sc. D., Ph. D., treating 
the subject ot “Embalming and Embalming Fluids,” is unique. It 
makes no pretension to being an exhaustive treatise on the subject, 
still less to being a practical guide to the professional embalmer. 
It does, however, present two real reason for its being. First, to 
the laity, it presents all the leading facts of interest connected with 
this strange art, and will be read by large numbers of people whose 
interest is only of a general nature. The author’s pleasing, and yet 
clear and forcible style, will be noted. Nowhere, so far as we know, 
has this subject been so pleasingly and accurately presented within 
moderate compass so as to meet the requirements of the general 
reader. 

Second, the bibliography will be of the highest possible value to 
professional embalmers. To have at command a list of everything 
of importance which has been published on a subject, not only in book 
form, but also in the various journals, is to be supplied with a sword 
of sharpness for cutting one’s way through difficulties to a full 
knowledge of a subject. This portion of the work will save an 
enormous amount of useless thumbing of old journals and hunting 
for books, and what is better, will put the sources of information be¬ 
fore those who have not the time or patience to hunt. This feat¬ 
ure of the work is entirely new and is , therefore , a valuable con¬ 
tribution to the sum of human knowledge. Do not suppose that 
original investigation is confined to the laboratory. Much is 
published and thereby thrown away. The author’s investigations 
have been laborious and expensive, both in time and money, and 
will, we hope, be duly appreciated. 

Every embalmer—and in these days every undertaker is re¬ 
quired to bean embalmer—will readily find it to his advantage to 
have this list of books at his command, and those ignorant of the 
art will probably find here the most readable article on the subject. 
These two reasons for its being will assure to Professor McCurdy’s 
thesis a warm welcome. W. Z. Bennett, Ph. D. (Harvard.) 












Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


CHARLES WILLIAM McCURDY, Sc. D., Ph. D., 


Professor of Chemistry in the University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho. 


A Graduating Thesis; Course E, Chemistry. 


One of the peculiarities of our common nature is that we 
seem to pay greater respect to man in death than in life. In 
the flesh it is the custom to belittle, to disparage, to contemn, 
to ridicule, to abuse; but when one joins the silent majoritjq 
we esteem, eulogize and memorialize him. The tomb is a 
glamour to the living; beneath it heroes and heroines are 
made, and not infrequently the earliest murmurs of fame are 
echoed by the cold clod as it falls upon the coflin lid. 

Hearts that have lived lives of stone, minds that have 
cherished the most sordid and selfish desires toward a fellow 
being in the routine of life’s battle, in death forget all; and 
the unfriendly and caustic tongue, the covetous and mercenary 
hand are silent and still and linger alike over the lifeless body 
and compete in the honors of the mortuary celebration. 

Chaplet3 and the most treasured articles belonging to the 
deceased are retained that they may be emploj^ed as immor¬ 
telles before the living; and so, by some irrational casuistry, 
we seek to make amends for the past in the vault, the monument, 
or the slab which is erected over our departed. 









Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


2 


This must be true, otherwise how can one account for the 
solicitude and veneration shown by all nations in every land, 
down through the centuries, for the lifeless body? Creed, 
clime, race seem not to have lessened the sacredness that 
attaches to that form, once a breathing, thinking, s} T mpathetic 
being, the moment the divine spark has been snuffed out and 
that form becomes cla}^ 

All nations, it matters not whether Pagan, Christian, Mono¬ 
theistic, or Polytheistic, unite upon common ground of post¬ 
mortem veneration; and, as far as my reading and observation 
have extended, I have yet to learn of any people, however re¬ 
mote their antiquit}^ however rude or wild their existence, 
that have failed to observe sepulchral rites with more or less 
solemnity. Indeed, may not such observance mark the line 
between the human and the beast; for no order of the lower 
animals evinces any distinctive care or affection for their dead. 
Says one writer: “The annals of the race are revealed by the 
vestiges of tombs which antedate by ages the historic period, 
and which still puzzle the most learned of archaeologists.” 

The present is linked to the past not in memory only, but 
by the visional signs that mark the silent city in the valle} 7 , 
on wooded hillside, in mountain fastness, behind sculptured 
walls, or within granite pyramids. The ancestry of man, this 
earth! who can compute its dwellers! “We are as a handful 
standing between the billions who have gone and the billions 
yet to come; on one hand the inheritors of Time, on the other 
the heirs of Eternity.” 

And so the disposition of the dead in all ages, whatever 
may have been its form, however crude and ugly may have 
been the preparation, has always been attended with a certain 
degree of respect for the living and sacredness for the deceased. 
Some conception of religious rites and ceremony seems to have 
imbued the race from the beginning, its birth, in many cases 
in form only, stripped of its faith and significance, meaningless 
in the extreme. 

In view, therefore, of the interest which the race has 
manifested toward the future through all the centuries, result¬ 
ing from the apprehension of evil or the hope of good, and the 
reverence and respect accorded to the departed, there have 
come to be three modes of disposing of the dead: (1) Embalm- 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


8 


ing; (b) incremation; (c) interment. 1 This paper will con¬ 
sider at length the first mode only. 

I. EMBALMING IN HISTORY. 

Embalming in Oriental thought signifies to preserve, to 
bitumenize, to mummif}^; in modern language it means to 
impregnate with poison, or aromatics; to prevent or arrest 
putrefaction. That object which was so preserved, either 
artificially or by natural processes, was termed by the ancients 
a mummy ; hence mummifying signified the preservation of the 
body of a human being, animal, bird, fish or reptile, by means 
of bitumen, spices, gums, natron, or atmospheric causes for a 
very long period. The nineteenth century use of the term 
embalming is almost wholly limited to the human species; 
and the purpose is to arrest putrefaction for a few days, a few 
months, a few years, or for an indefinite period. 

The Christian idea of the future state and ultimate pur¬ 
pose of the body has entirely changed the custom among 
certain nations in the disposition of their dead. To embalm 
the body of a dead man with a purpose that the body itself 
may live again in a future state, is one of the most extraordin¬ 
ary customs ever known to mankind. Its practice evidently 
implied, says Donnelly, the existence of several factors: 

1. A highly religious and imaginative people, controlled 
and dominated by an influential priestcraft. 

2. An implicit belief in the immortality of the soul; 

hence a belief in rewards aud punishments; in a heaven and a 
hell. v 

3. A belief in the immortality of the body and its resur¬ 
rection from the grave on some day of judgment in the great 
hereafter. 

4. Furthermore, a supplemental belief to the last two 
propositions: that the very flesh and blood in which a man 
died shall rise with him on the last day and not a merely 
spiritual body; hence the dogged persistency that the body 
must not perish. 

Origin of the Custom. According to Solon, Herodotus, 2 


^reenhill—The Art of Embalming, of Burial, and of Preserving 
Dead Bodies, etc., pp. 15-50, 1705 a. d. 

2 Herodotus—History of the World, 5 Yols. 



4 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Plato, Plutarch, 1 Donnelly, 2 Winchell 3 and others, the custom 
of embalming probably originated among the learned Atlan- 
teans who were sun worshippers and who inhabited Atlantis, 
an antediluvian island, facing the Pillars of Hercules in the 
mid Atlantic, and from it spread to their colonies and the 
nations they dominated, to the Guanches of the Canary Islands, 
to the ancient Egyptians, the Assyrians, the Ethiopians, the 
Persians, and as a result of conquest to the Greeks, the 
Romans, and to a limited extent among the Hebrews; 4 while 
on the American continent the Peruvians, the Aztecs and the 
Mexicans embalmed their dead. 

A few mummies of remarkable preservation have been 
found "among the Chinooks and Flatheads, 5 and the bodies 
of the kings of the Florida and Virginia Indians were so 
preserved; while good mummies have been discovered in con¬ 
siderable numbers among the Dakota or Sioux Indians, 6 and 
in the caves of Kentucky. 

Other rude tribes inhabiting this Western Continent, 
however disfigured their crude ideas had become with respect 
to childish superstition and religious fancy, had attained, 
nevertheless, to the conception of a Great Spirit, Great Father, 
and the Evil One. 7 In the light of modern thought very 
many of these traditions vaporize into myths unworthy of 
serious consideration except as they may serve to illumine our 
theme and to point out more clearly its origin and the extent 
of its practice. 

Some of these legends in common with those of the 
Aztecs, recite how, after the deluge, seven persons issued from 
their tombs where their mummified remains had been con¬ 
signed, and by them the earth was repeopled. 

The Egyptians gave credence to a like belief, while Dr. 


Plutarch—Parallel Lives. 

‘^Donnelly—Atlantis, p. 144. 

3 Winchell—Preadamites. 

*Bible,IGenesis, 1:2. 

5 Schoolcraft, Vol. V, p. 693, 

6 Beverly, p. 47. 

7 Myths of the New World, p. 52. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


5 


Brinton 1 states that a similar legend is found among the 
Sanskrit writings. 

However unthinkable such ideas appear in the noonday 
brilliancy of these closing years of nineteenth century 
culture and scientific accuracy, still there were people who 
dwelt along the shores of the Great Southern Continent that 
possessed more definite ideas and notions of the soul’s state, 
past and future. 

The Evil Spirit 2 as well as the Good Spirit undoubtedly 
influenced the emotions and judgment of those primitive people 
and gave bent to their conception of the hereafter. This is 
shown in the care and solicitude with which they sought to 
preserve the natural body and which they embalmed by a 
simple process symbolical of their primitive life and thought. 

The bod} r was first evicerated after which it was subjected 
to exposure in the cold but exceedingly rarified atmosphere of 
the higher altitudes. Bodies thus treated have been found in 
Mexico and Central America; also the ancient Peruvians, as 
witnessed by Garcilasso, 3 preserved the bodies of the royalty 
without any semblance of foreign applications; and these 
mummified Incas were secreted in mounds of earth, in temples, 
or upon typias. 4 

In the temples of the sun at Cuzco, as chronicled by Pres¬ 
cott, 5 these monarchs sat natural as life in chairs of gold, 
clothed in their former princely attire, their heads inclined, 
covered with raven-black or silver-gray hair, and their hands 
placidly crossed over their bosoms as in obeisance to their 
anointed queens, ranged opposite in the grim dignity of death. 

The aboriginal inhabitants of the Canary Islands, the 
Guanches, and the Atlanteans who spread westward from their 
island home giving their names to many places and nations, 
also rudely embalmed their corpses. To further protect the 


x Myths of the New World, p. 203. 

2 Yarrow, H. C., First Am. Report Bn. Ethnology, for 1879-89, pp. 
130-137, 

3 Prescott—Conquest of Peru, Yol. I, p. 92. 

hMcCulloh—Researches on American Antiquities, p. 392. 

5 Prescott—Conquest of Peru, Bk. II, p. 506. 



6 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


body it received a coating of varnish, after which it was 
wrapped in goat-skin and consigned to a wooden case . 1 

It was among the Egyptians, however, that embalming was 
carried to a high degree of perfection, and has come down to 
us as one of the “lost arts” of that learned and famous people. 

Egyptian Character and Belief. The ancient Egyptians 
represented a character singularly devout, and their language, 
literature and art, as well as their daily lives, were strongly 
influenced by religion. Their earliest history, according to 
Diodorus , 2 shows them to have recognized but one God, “who 
had no beginning and would have no end; who made all things 
and was not himself made.” And this thought is corroborated 
by the investigations of Pierrett . 3 

De Rouge , 4 however, is of the opinion that the most ancient 
Egyptians were sun-worshippers, which was the Eternal God, 
an object that had no beginning and no end and to which were 
ascribed the attributes named by Diodorus. 

But whether the Egyptians worshipped an Eternal God, 
whose attributes were symbolized by their numerous deities; 
or whether their god had its basis in a solar myth, variously 
resolvable, is still a debatable question, an unsolved problem 
in Egyptology. 

Nevertheless it is a fact that whatever was the character 
of the original, primal belief of the Egyptians it gradually 
gave way before the inventions and secretiveness of the priest¬ 
craft, and the people were led into idolatry and polytheism and 
worshipped and feared in turn many gods and goddesses, one 
writer naming seventy-three deities, another sixty-two; while 
the Egyptians themselves frequently speak of one thousand 
gods, male and female, principal among which were Osiris and 
Isis . 5 

From their primitive religion as taught them, it is clear 
how the Egyptians early evolved their notions of the soul’s 
future state, of the impossibility of its entire separation from 


Prescott—Conquest of Mexico, p. 11. 

2 Diodorus—Historical Library. 

’’Pierrett—Dictionaire d’arch Egyptienne. 

4 De Rouge—Notice Sommaire des Monuments Egyptions de Louvre. 

5 Fisher—Outlines of Universal History, p. 38. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


7 


the body for all time, hence accepted the logical sequence of 
the body’s preservation. 

^ The Egyptians believed that after the lapse of many thous¬ 
and years the souls of their departed would reanimate the 
body, hence their desire to preserve the same in its natural 
condition for the proper reception and rehabilitation of its 
vital force. 1 They certainly believed in a life after death, if 
not in the immortality of the soul and its judgment of the 
deeds done in the body. Their religion is said to have had 
three cardinal requirements: “love of God, love of virtue, and 
love of man.” 

With such conception of the migratory soul, and of the 
essential need and preservation of its earthly tabernacle, my 
reader will readily understand why embalming was universally 
resorted to by this people for more than three thousand years. 
It is stated that upwards of four hundred millions of human 
mummies were made in Egypt from the beginning of the art 
until its discontinuance in the seventh century, in addition to 
the thousands of fishes, reptiles, birds and inferior mammals 
that were embalmed. 2 

1. The Egyptian Sepulchres. 

The great depository of these mummified remains of a 
once gifted and learned nation was in the Necropoli, near 
Memphis, and at Thebes; but the curious, the mercenary and 
the 'Scientific hand have so depleted thi3 vast number as to 

make it difficult now to secure perfect specimens outside of 

« 

the museums. Quantities of these wierd yet interesting 
corpses and carcasses have been appropriated for fuel by the 
Arabs; while whole ship loads have been converted into 
manure by the avaricious Englishmen for the growing of 
turnips. 3 

A Remarkable Discovery. It has been only within the 
past quarter of a centurjq however, that Egyptologists have 
had their interest quickened, their knowledge greatly increased 
and have stood fairly bewildered before the wonderful discov¬ 
eries which have made the Boolak Museum, at Cairo, a famous 


^leyers—General History, pp. 37-39. 

2 The American Cyclopaedia, Yol. II, p. 38. 

3 Donnelly—Atlantis, p. 181. 



8 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


repository of men of royal blood “who died and were made 
imperishable flesh by the embalmer’s art between three and 
four thousand 3 T ears ago.” 

To Professor Maspero. the director-general of the excava¬ 
tions and antiquities of Egypt, and Emil Brugsch Bey, Curator 
of the Boolak Museum, belong the credit and coveted honor of 
breaking the secrets of the rocky caverns, and for a money 
consideration, prompted by jealousy and avarice, induced a 
native Mohammedan to divulge his secret whereby these scholars 
were permitted “to put their hands not upon a royal tomb, 
but upon a hiding place wherein were piled thirty-six mummies 
of kings and queens, princes and high priests” in an excellent 
state of preservation, truly a marvellous disclosure of incalcu- 
able value to the students of archaeology and of the embalmer’s 
art. 

The Theban Treasures. The scene of this extraordinary 
discovery, according to Maspero, 1 was in the bottom of a pit 
in one of the loveliest nooks in the western cliffs of Thebes. 
The story of this resurrection, as told by several writers, 2 is 
most interesting and thrilling to the reader, and to the immed¬ 
iate explorers a sensation wierd and awful, growing more 
intense with each step as the treasures of the hoaiy past were 
unfolded to their view. 

“The story of its finding is more romantic than any told 
in Egypt since Isis gathered the scattered remains of Osiris 
and buried his head within the alabaster temple of Abydus.” 

Says Edwards : 3 “Slowly, with difficulty treading their way among 
desecrated tombs, and under the shadow of stupendous precepices, 
they followed their trembling guides to a spot unparalleled even in the 
desert, for gaunt solemnity. Here, behind a huge fragment of fallen 
rock—perhaps dislodged for that purpose from the cliffs overhead—they 
were shown the entrance to a pit so ingeniously hidden that one might 
pass it twenty times without observing it. Into this pit they were 
lowered. The shaft carved through the solid limestone, was two 
metres square by eleven and a half metres in depth, and ended in a 
narrow, subterranean passage trending westward. Onw r ard it led for 


1 Maspeso—A la Societe d’anthropologie de France. 

2 The Century Magazine, May 1887, pp. 327. 

3 Edwards—A Thousand Miles up the Nile, Harper’s Magazine. 
No. 386, pp. 185-204. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


9 


more than seven metres, then turned off abruptly to the right and 
stretched away northward in endless night and awful gloom.” 

“Now stooping when the roof was low, now stumbling when the 
floor was uneven, now descending a flight of roughly hewn stairs, and 
with every step penetrating deeper and farther into the bowels of the 
earth, the intruders, groped their way, each with his flickering candle 
in hand. Pieces of broken mummy cases and fragments of linen 
bandages strewed the floor; for the mercenary and extortionate Arab 
for years had been profitfng by his secret. Against the walls were 
piled boxes, filled with porcelain statuettes, libation jars of bronze and 
terra cotta, and canopic vases of precious Lycopolitan alabaster.” 

“Then came huge sarcophagi of painted wood, and farther on 
still, some standing upright, some laid at length, a crowd of mummy 
cases fashioned in human form, with folded hands and solemn faces 
and ever w r akeful eyes, each emblazoned with the name and title of 
its occupant.” 

“The men of to-day brought face to face w r ith the greatest kings 
of Pharonic Egypt, stood bewildered, and asked each other if they 
were dreaming. Expecting to find a few petty princes of the Her-Hor 
line only, they found themselves confronted by the mortal remains of 
heroes who till this moment had survived only as names far echoed 
down the corridors of time.” 

“Farther on they stood on the threshold of a sepulchral chamber 
literally filled to the roof with sarcophagi of enormous size; brilliant 
with color and gilding they were as highly varnished as though but 
yesterday it were done.” 

In these burials each member was accorded the usual 
mortuary outfit, accompanied by his favorite pet animal, bird, 
jewel case, statuette or manuscript; but richer in this world’s 
goods than any of the rest was queen Isi-em-kneb. 

Besides statuettes and libation jars, she was richly furn 
ished with a sumptuous funeral repast consisting of gazelle- 
haunches, trussed gesse, calves’ heads, dried grapes, dates and 
nuts, the meats being mummified and bandaged and the whole 
packed in a rush hamper, sealed with her husband’s unbroken 
seal. 

And perchance this queen of Egyptian lore might still be 
wanting in some comfort, she was provided with ointments, 
alabaster cups, goblets of exquisite variegated glass, and a 
marvellous collection of huge full-dress wigs, curled, frizzed 
and perfumed, in separate basket. As the food was entombed 
with her for refreshment, so, evidently, were these things 
deposited in the grave for her use and adornment at the 
supreme hour of bodily resurrection when the justified dead, 


10 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


clothed, fed, perfumed and annointed should go forth from the 
sepulchre into everlasting day. 

From all accounts, this wonderful chamber in the moun¬ 
tain’s fastness was not the original tomb of those royal per¬ 
sonages. In the twelfth century sudden alarm caused their 
removal from the royal sepulchres, and when danger had 
passed, the secret cavern was undoubtedly forgotten, and its 
precious dead silently awaited the passing of the centuries to 
the morning of the new civilization to do honor to their 
ancestral learning and to the embalmer’s skill. 

Strange and peculiarly fascinating are these facts; but 
I must not longer pause for their consideration. 

It was on the second of July, 1881, that the Arab divulged 
his secret, Judas like, for a pot of “bakhshish,” and within a 
fortnight thereafter this ancient sepulchre had been depleted 
of its illustrious dead, borne away, honored enroute by the 
villagers, after three thousand years of sepulture, to the gates 
of Cairo, for the Boolak Museum, there to infuse fresh life into 
historical research and to illumine more brightly the dim page 
of Egyptology. 

2. Egyptian Methods of Embalming. 

The art of mummifydng among the Egyptians was confined 
to a special class, 1 the physicians; for we are informed that 
“Joseph commanded his servants, the physicians, to embalm 
his father; and the physicians embalmed Israel.” 2 These 
men were held in high honor and were treated with much con¬ 
sideration; for their profession was hereditary. 3 

There have come down to us through Herodotus, 4 Diodor¬ 
us, 5 Solomon and other ancient writers, quite accurate and full 
details of this phase of the physician’s art. More recent 
study by Bunfrey, Erman, Muller, and Budge has only con¬ 
firmed and elaborated these details. Four methods of embalm¬ 
ing were in vogue, suited to the social standing and wealth of 

* 

the deceased. The most expensive method, the one given the 


^leyers, General History, p. 37. 

2 Bible, Genesis, 1:2; Lukexii; xxiv:l; John xix :39-41; 

3 Budge, The Mummy, p. 180. 

*Book II, 36-89. Historiarum, lib. ix, ed. Schweig, 1817. 

6 Book I, 91. Bibliothecae Histor. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


11 


royaltj 7 , titled personages, and men of wealth, may be summar¬ 
ized as follows: 

1. The body was first washed, then laid upon the ground, 
when an assistant traced with ink over the bowels indicating 
the lines where the surgeon’s knife or sharp flint was to pierce. 
The intestines, stomach, liver, heart and lungs were removed; 
washed, saturated with palm oil, stuffed with aromatic gums 
and spices; and finally smeared with unguent and bandaged 
carefully with linen many yards in length and variously 
inscribed with the names and insignia of the gods which took 
the parts under their special protection. 1 Each portion so 
removed was securely sealed in a decorated, alabaster jar; the 
name of the deceased painted thereon that it might not be lost 
or misplaced, and each jar dedicated to a particular god. It 
was considered of the highest importance to have the portions 
preserved intact; for without them a man could not hope to 
live again. Not always, however, were the intestines 2 so 
carefully treated; in mummies of the best period these parts 
were sometimes placed in packets beneath the bandages. 

The brain was next removed through the nostrils by the 
aid of an iron rod, crooked at one end; and with so much skill 
and thoroughness as not to impair the bridge of the nose, or 
to leave any of the soft tissues. This, too, was preserved, 
dried and buried with the body. 

The perishable portions having been removed, the body 
was laid to cure in a quantity of natron—a solution of carbon¬ 
ate, sulfate and chlond of soda—for seventy days. When 
completely saturated, the body wrs removed from the bath, 
washed and dried; when, we are told, “it presented a greenish- 
gray color, the flesh shrunken, the skin adhering loosely to the 
bones, the nails clear, while the face though more drawn and 
thin, was changed but little.” 

Slits were made in the fleshy portions of the fingers, toes, 
arms, and legs, then filled w T ith myrrh, balm, 3 cassia, other 
spices and natron and set up. 

^Pettigrew—History of Egyptian Mummies, p. 58. 

Tlutarch—VIF, Sap. Conv. XVI, ed. Didot, p. 188; also De 
Carniam Esu. p. 1219. 

3 Penicfier—Traite de Embaumemes, p. 2, enumerates four species 
of balm used in embalming: (a) Judaea, (b) Syria, (c) Egypt* (d) Mecca. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


n 


The cavities of the skull, the chest and bowels were filled 
with myrrh, frankincense, cassia, gums, powdered plaster and 
some bitumen; obsidian eyes were implanted in the sockets; 
the nails were stained with henna; 1 finger rings and other 
ornaments were restored; while a gold plate was neatly 
inscribed, dedicated to Horus, and placed upon the breast. 

At intervals during the process ot mummification, it is 
recorded that prayers appropriate to each stage of the work, 
were recited to various gods beseeching their approval of the 
embalmment, and of their continued care of the dead in the 
nether world. Various beads, jewels, the Book of the Dead, 
and other insignia were laid upon the body, after which it was 
ready for bandaging. 

The body was first smeared with unguents; linen was 
torn into strips, gummed, moistened, then firmly wrapped 
about each finger, toe, hand foot, arm and leg until the little 
irregularities were rounded out by padding; again prayers 
were said; several hundred feet more of linen were consumed, 
and the embalmer’s work was completed. 

This was not all. The coffins, two in number, an outer 
and an inner one, had been steadlily approaching completion 
during the long period of disembowlment, cleansing and curing 
of the bodjr. Skillful hands had been at work on sycamore 
wood fashioning the inner coffin after the form of a man, orna¬ 
menting it with a carved, human face with bronze ej^elids and 
obsidian eyes, handsomely painted and variously inscribed 
within and without. Hands were not forgotten; clothes, food, 
anything the dead may need in his long journey were all pro¬ 
vided for. In this elegant casket the mummy was laid, sealed 
and placed within the outer coffin; again blessed and sealed, 
and the departed worshipper of Osiris was ready to be carried 
to his everlasting home in the Theban hills, there laid to rest 
in a sarcophagus of stone. 

The expense of this treatment varied from $1000 to $1500, 2 
sometimes much greater. There were cheaper methods of 

Denon Voyage dans Egj-pte, tom. II, p. 33. 

Gladden, Travels, Vol. 11, p. 90. 

2 Diodorus Siculus, Lib. I, p. 91. The first method cost a talent of 
silver ($1125); the second method twenty minae ($375); the third a 
much smaller sum. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


13 


embalming which I shall presently describe; but at the best 
1 do not see how Egyptians of the ordinary class could possibly 
afford to die. They, no doubt, lived longer than they other¬ 
wise would, prompted by a prudent economy to avoid the ex¬ 
travagance of burial as long as possible. 

2. The second method of embalming in vogue among the 
Egyptians was much less expensive, being about $300, and 
much less elaborate. No incisions were made for the removal 
of the entrails and chest organs; but the abdomen was filled 
with oil of cedar by injection through the fundament; having 
prevented the escape of oil the body was steeped in natron for 
the prescribed number of days. On the last [day the oil was 
ejected which brought with it the intestines and vitals in a 
state of dissolution; the natron dissolved the softer flesh and 
nothing remained practically but the skin and bones. Later 
the body was returned to the relatives without further operation 
other than bandaging. 

3. The third and cheapest method employed, adopted 
usually by the poor, consisted in thoroughly rinsing the body 
in syrmae, then steeping in natron for the usual period. 1 
Sometimes the body received little more that a rubbing with 
these substances, wrapped in a single piece of linen and re¬ 
turned to the friends. 

The bodies of the very poor were preserved by two very 
cheap modified methods of the above: 

(a) , Ths first consisted of soaking the body in a solu¬ 
tion of hot salt and bitumen. 

(b) . The second in salt only. 

By the first method bitumen filled the cavities; the eye 
brows, hair and nail3 were destroyed. Such treatment ex¬ 
plains the origin of the word “mummy” 2 which is derived 
from the Arabic, and means a “bitumenized thing,” or body 
preserved by bitumen. 

By the second or salted method, the skin had a very 
papery appearance; features were greatly changed, and the 
bones were white and brittle. 

These latter processes would suggest the application of 


Carey’s Translation, pp. 126-127. 

2 Weidemann—Herodotus Zweites Buch; Leipsig, 1890, pp. 349, 35S. 



n 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


heat as a final impregnation of the body with bitumen; and 
recent investigation has supported this theory. Why the 
application of heat, and thereby the generation of creosote and 
its diffusion through the tissues, was not mentioned by the 
ancient authorities is not known; but evidently they wished 
the process to be kept a secret and thus enhance the dignity 
and mystery of the art. M. Rouyer, I find, also conceives that 
the bodies must have been put into stoves, or kept at a high 
temperature. He says: “Cette operation, dont aucun historien 
n‘a parle', e'toit sans donte la principale et la plus importante 
de 1‘ embaumement.” 1 

4. The Egyptians and Hindoos also preserved their dead 
in hone} r , particularly infants and inferior animals. 2 Budge 
informs us that the body of Alexander the Great was preserved 
in unmelted, white honey. 3 

Only the rich and well to do received a costly or even a 
decent burial after their embalmment. “The poor were laid in 
a hole or cave, or even in the sands of the open desert, to set 
out on their last journey.” Such disposition of the dead cost 
very little, indeed, probably not to exceed that of the average 
pauper funeral of the present day. 

Animals Embalmed. In addition to the human species 
that were embalmed, the practice extended to the most com¬ 
mon of the mammals, reptiles, birds, and fishes which the 
Egyptians deified or regarded as sacred to the gods, and which 
they mummified with great reverence and care. These were: 
the bull, antelope, jackal, hippopotamus, cat, monkey, crocodile, 
ichneumon, hedgehog, shrew, hawk, frog, toad, scorpion, beetle, 
snake, oxyrhynchus and Silurian fishes; or more than fifty 
species in all. 4 5 

Rawlinson states that the sacred bull fared even better 
than his associates in the list, being carefully embalmed and 
deposited together with costly jewels, statuettes and vases in 
polished granite sarcophagi, specially designed. The cost of 
an apis funeral amounted sometimes to as much as 20,000 

Rouyer—Description de l’Egypte, p. 212. 

2 Abd-el-Latit—Translation of DeLacy, p. 169. 

3 Budge—History of Alexander the Great, p. 141. 

4 Budge—The Mummy, p. 355. 

5 Pettigrew—History of Egyptian Mummies, pp. 178-180. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


15 


pounds sterling; and the number of apis bulls buried in the 
galleries around Memphis was found to be sixty-four. 1 

3. Effect of Christianity. 

The art of mummifying met its death blow in the spiritual 
thought ushered in by Christianity; for the hope of the resur¬ 
rection of the body as taught by Christ, practically killed the 
custom as early as the third century, though the practice was 
not entirely given up until the seventh century; while the 
linen and silk industry connected therewith continued to meet 
with success until the twelfth century of our era. 

Mummification had prevailed through many dynasties 
with varying modifications, both as to the solutions and spices 
employed, and the mode and character of the wrappings. IIow 
far the custom extended beyond the historical period, that of 
King Mencs, 4400 B. C.; and whether it originated with the 
nations to the east or to the west of Egypt, authentic history 
is silent thereon. Maspero 2 informs us that the oldest mummy 
in the world is that of Seker-em-saf, son of Seti I., B. C. 3200, 
found at Sakkarah in 1881, but since removed to Gezeh. 

According to Manetho, thirty dynasties of kings and 
queens were thus prepared for burial. Man} r are the missing 
links in this chain of Egyptian histoiy, and it is doubtful if 
the Egyptologists will ever succeed in discovering all the 
intervening data so as to properly classify and make clear and 
complete this wonderful record of a most remarkable people. 

4. Modern View of Embalming. 

But enough of the past with its blackened mummies, its 
disjointed history, and its mystified theology! Passing over 
the interim we come now to the full brightness of funeral 
science and medical skill in the dawn of the twentieth century, 
scanning the passing centuries for such information only as 
will make more clear the art of embalming as taught by 
Chaussier, Gannal, Boudet, Rcnouard, Clarke, Sullivan, Barnes, 
Perrigo, Hohenschuh, Parcelly and others. 

Embalming is not as difficult a feat as many suppose; the 
so-called “lost art” of the Egyptians is regarded as more of a 


American Encyclopaedia, Vol. XII, p. 38. 

2 Maspero, Guide des Visiteur au Musee de Boulaq, 1883, p. 347. 



16 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


delusion than a fact. The methods practiced to-day are far 
superior to those in vogue three thousand years ago. In all 
other phases of human life, a progress most wonderful and 
marvelous has kept pace with the'centuries, why not in this 
one under consideration? 

In fact, the methods of embalming as taught and practiced 
in the present, demand a higher order of intelligence, a more 
thorough knowledge of the anatomy of the body, a steadier 
judgment, and a more skillful hand than was at any time re¬ 
quired of or presented by the ancients who relied largely upon 
atmospheric injluences for the preservation of their dead. 

The mummies prepared under Egyptian skill were scarcely 
recognizable; while on the sands of Gobi, Arabian, Sahara and 
Great American deserts bodies have been found in a perfect 
state of preservation, a score of years after death. 

Were modern embalmers so disposed, I have no doubt 
they could attain to the preservative excellence of their ancient 
brethren, indeed far surpass them, and prepare our dead for 
the judgment day; but embalming except for temporary con¬ 
venience, as a rule, is not deemed desirable here or in Europe; 
and as it forms no part of the theological system of Christian 
nations, we have no ambition to rival them in mummification. 

However the comparatively modern methods of embalming 
were not so very crude, and hence they are able to present 
abundant evidence for their support. The body of Charles I 
was easily recognized after one hundred and sixty-five years; 
King Edward I, buried in 1307, was found entire four hundred 
and sixty-three years later; Canute died in 1036, yet his 
body was in a fresh state of preservation seven hundred and 
forty years afterwards; and the bodies of William the Con¬ 
queror and his queen, Matilda, were intact in the sixteenth 
century after the lapse of more than five hundred years. 1 

And so, instead of long and costly funeral pageants, 
characteristic of the dw r ellers of the Nile, the erection of pyra¬ 
mids, the carving of magnificent sarcophagi within the cata¬ 
combs of Thebes, at Rome, at Naples, Syracuse, Palermo, 2 or 
aCAthens, or in secret caverns in the mountain’s fastness, our 


’Renouard—Undertakers’^Manual, p. 213. 
'The Casket, Vol. XX, No. 10, p. 15. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


17 


modern sepulchral vanity manifests itself in choice epitaphs 
and sepulchred monuments, family vaults, or is more sensibly 
contented with the incinerated remains of the departed as 
preserved in the urn, instead of in desiccated forms and bitu- 
menized disguises of death. 

Furthermore, the aesthetic character of all Christian nations 
and peoples would protest against the continuance of so extra¬ 
ordinary, if not barbarous practice, which made death more 
hideous to the vision, more repulsive to the sensibilities of a 
refined and devout soul, than it could possibly be made by the 
supremest superstition. 

II. EMBALMING IN SCIENCE. 

Science is classified knowledge, the result of careful obser¬ 
vation and experiment founded on experience and interpreted 
by the mind. Science, therefore, is the intellectual apprehension 
of whatever is objective in nature, or in the sphere of mathe¬ 
matics, pure and applied; a searching after the essentials 
wherever there is a complexus of impressions, mathematical, 
physical or mental; to ascertain the cause of an effect that has 
a logical sequence of phenomena; and to group, classify and 
arrange wherever there is a multiplicity of details. 

In no business or profession are these principles more 
fully tested and require more skill in the application of them, 
if success be the end sought for, than in embalming; a cool 
head, a clear mind, a knowledge of what to do and how to do 
it are prime requisites to success. 

The essentials, therefore, that the novice should seek to 
acquire and of which the expert embalmer must be master are: 

1. An anatomical knowledge of the organs composing 
the head and trunk regions of the body. 

2. A knowledge of the physical effect of disease, poison 
and death on the tissues. 

3. What treatment to apply externally and internally to 
successfully disinfect and mummify the body. 

4. A reliable embalming fluid and cabinet. 

5. A knowledge of disinfectants and their application. 

6. A good library. 

These six essentials I now purpose to discuss at some 
length. 


18 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


1. Divisions of the Human Body. 1 

The human body is divided naturally into four parts: 
(a) the head; (b) the trunk; (c) the upper extremities; (d) 
the lower extremities. 

The head consists of the skull with its various cavities 
and appendages. 

The trunk is subdivided into two large cavities—-the 
thoracic and the abdominal. The former cavity contains the 
heart, lungs and their corresponding envelopes; in the latter 
cavity are located the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, 
bladder, the intestines, and in the female, the uterus. 

Separating these two cavities, convex above, concave below, 
is the diaphragm, a muscular organ, pierced by the oesoph¬ 
ageal, aortic and caval openings, and which aids in respiration. 

Both cavities are air-tight and the entrance thereto is by 
the mouth and the openings above named; the exit therefrom 
is through the fundament. 

Heart —This muscular organ lies obliquely in the chest, 
near the middle line, with its apex to the left w r here it may be 
felt between the cartilages of the fifth and sixth ribs, beating 
off the seconds of life. In the aves and mammalia the heart 
is four-chambered, the light and left auricles above, the right 
and left ventricles below. Its weight varies from eight to ten 
ounces in women and from ten to twelve ounces in man. 

The function of the heart is to receive the dark, venous 
blood from the entire body through the superior and inferior 
vena cavas into the right auricle, pass it to the right ventricle 
through the tricuspid valve, thence to the lungs for aeration 
by the branched pulmonary artery, whence it is returned by 
the pulmonary veins to the left auricle, passed to the left 
ventricle through the mitral valve, then into the aorta from 
which point it is distributed over the entire body in an ever 
ceaseless round while life lasts. The heart floats in a fluid 
inclosed in a loose bag, the pericardium. 

This muscular organ is the hardest worked of all in the 
bod} r ; it beats seventy times per minute in health, sending 


^Note,—T he author’s extended experience in dissecting and in 
teaching anatomy and physiology have familiarized him with the fol¬ 
lowing facts. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


19 


out through the aorta six and one-third ounces at each beat. 
The work done by both ventricles daily is equivalent to lifting 
one hundred and ninety-three tons one foot high. No wonder 
this tireless organ succumbs to disease and men die of “heart- 
lailure”! 

Lungs .—These consist of two elastic bags filled with air 
and are the principal organs of respiration. The heart divides 
them into two parts, the right having three lobes; the left, 
two. They are supported from above b}- the bronchial tubes 
which terminate in a capillary net work of air cells whence 
arises the pulmonary veins. The lower portion of the lungs 
rests upon the diaphragm, while the entire lung tissue is 
enveloped by the pleura. 

Abdomen .—The contents of this, the largest cavity of the 
bod 3 r , have been noted. The dissection of a cat or a cadaver 
will show the position of the organs as follows: 

Immediately below the diaphragm, rather more to the 
right than to the left side, is a dark, reddish-brown organ, the 
liver, glandular, soft and pliable in texture, whose weight is 
from fifty to sixty ounces. On its under surface may be seen 
the gall bladder, several ducts and blood vessels; below and 
on the left is the anterior surface of the stomach; to the left 
of the stomach hidden by the lower ribs is the spleen; and 
behind lying transversely across it is the pancreas. The 
omentum reaches downward from the stomach and discloses 
the transverse colon, and the portions of the small intestines— 
duodenum, the jejunum, and the ileum; to the right below is 
the caecum; to the left, about equally distant, is the sigmoid 
flexure; the kidneys lie at the back of the cavity opposite the 
lumbar vertebrae, one on each side of the spine; the ureters 
carry the secretions to the urinary bladder below, thence 
through the urethra to the exterior of the body. 

The organs of the abdomen are enveloped in the peritoneum, 
a serous membrane, smooth and soft; that portion inclosing 
the intestines is termed the mesentary and contains the 
lymphatic glands. 

2. The Vascular Systems. 

* 

Next to a knowledge of the character and location of the 
vital organs above enumerated is necessitated a thorough 


%0 Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 

acquaintance with the circulatory systems of the body; for, in 
embalming, the raising of the proper arteries and injecting 
therein a reliable fluid is oftentimes the only thing necessary 
to do while awaiting interment of the body. 

The vascular system 1 as a whole consists of two main 
divisions: (1) the blood vascular system; (2) the lymph 
vascular system. 

The organs of circulation are the heart and blood vessels; 
the latter are of three kinds,—-arteries, capillaries and veins. 
The heart requires no further exposition here; the arteries 
carry bright, red blood from the heart to the capillaries; are 
highly elastic and extensible, retaining their form when cut 
and are composed of three coats: (aj a white connective tissue 
or ectal coat outside; (b) a middle coat of circular, muscular 
fibres; (c) the ental or inner coat. The capillaries in structure 
are simple, a continuation of the epitlieloid layer of the 
arteries. The veins contain valves, are similar in structure to 
the arteries, but of thinner wall, hence collapse when cut. 2 

To master the process of embalming by arterial injection 
it is essential to have a clear conception of the location of the 
larger blood-vessels. 

As noted, the aorta springs from the left ventricle of the 
heart, ascends forward to the right, curves backward to the 
left, and passes downward on the left side of the vertebral 
column to the fourth lumbar vertebra where it divides into 
the arch and thoracic aorta, and piercing the diaphragm be¬ 
comes the abdominal aorta. 3 

It should be remembered that each side of the body is 
provided with its corresponding divisions of the aorta, hence 
there are the right and left carotid arteries, the right and left 
jugular veins. In this connection only the most important 
arteries will be named. 

From the convexity of the arch of the aorta there arises 
(a) the coronary arteries which nourish the heart; (b) the 
innominate artenq short and subdivided into the right sub¬ 
clavian and right common carotid; the left common carotid 
and left subclavian. 

^Vilder and Gage—Anatomical Technology, p. 315. 

2 Weidershein—Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrate, p. 228. 

8 Martin—The Human Body, pp. 210-214. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 21 

The carotid arteries ascend the neck, on the sides of the 
windpipe, branching into (a) external—to the temple, scalp, 
face and salivary glands; (b) internal—to the parts within 
the skull. 

The subclavian artery takes the name axillary in the arm 
pit, brachial in the upper arm, and at the elbow-joint divides 
into the ulna and radial which lead down the forearm into the 
hand and fingers. 

Concerning the aorta 1 in the thorax the intercostal arteries 
traverse the ribs and chest-walls, the bronchial and smaller 
arteries nourish the lungs and other tissues; in the abdomen 
the cardiac axis supplies the stomach, spleen, liver, and 
pancreas; the venal arteries feed the kidneys; while the mesen¬ 
teries and phrenic arteries furbish substance to the intestines 
and diaphragm respectively. 

In the lumbar region, the aorta divides into a trunk and 
two external iliacs, the trunk again dividing into the internal 
iliacs and caudal artery which feed the pelvic organs; while 
the right and left external iliacs lead respectively to the foot 
through the femoral in the thigh, the popliteal at the knee- 
joint, and the tibial and peroneal arteries in the leg. 

The arteries terminate in the capillaries, microscopic vessels 
one-fiftieth of an inch long, whose diameter varies from one 
fifteen-hundredth to one three thousandth of an inch and 
through which only two or three corpuscles can pass abreast. 2 
These tiny vessels ramify through every part of the tissues in 
life, nourishing and carrying away the oxidized matter. 

Thus far the circulatory sj^stem may be compared to a 
tree with a trunk—the aorta; its branches, large and small— 
the carotid, ulna, renal, femoral and tibial arteries; its leaf 
circulation—the capillaries. 

The veins have their origin in the capillaries, mere veinulets 
at first, but unite and reunite until the vena cavas discharge 
their contents into the great central station of human existence. 

As the blood circulates only one way through the body 
and cannot be reversed because of the valves in the veins, so 
the injection of antiseptic fluids into the blood-vessels must 


Cowell—Dissection of the Dog, pp. 44-54. 

2 Flint—Human Physiology, p. 79. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


2£ 


follow the same course, the operator piercing the veins only to 
permit the exit of the blood forced out by the fluid injected 
into larger arteries. 

The great vascular system that I have described thus 
briefly is now regarded, technically, as having three divisions: 

a. The Systemic, consisting of the flow of blood from the 
left side of the head to the right through nearly the entire 
body. 

b. The Pulmonary from the right ventricle of the heart 
to the left auricle, through the lungs. 

c. The Portal, which collects the dark blue venous blood 
from the stomach, pancreas, spleen and intestines into the 
portal vein leading to the liver, ramifying in every portion of that 
organ until discharged through the hepatic vein into the post- 
cava. 

3. The Internal Medium. 

There is everywhere present in the body an internal or 
circulating medium which fulfills the same function towards 
the individual cells and the tissues that air, water and food 
do to the entire body. This medium the physiologist terms 
the plasma, or primarily the blood and lymph. 

The blood circulates through the blood vascular system; 
while the lymph is the transuded liquid from the capillaries, 
due to osmotic processes, which finds its way back, together 
with the lacteal fluid, through the tymph system into the 
larger blood-vessels near the heart, thus ever renewing the 
impoverished blood and carrying off its poisonous gases. 

Composition of the Blood. The blood is composed of 
two distinct elements: (1) the blood plasma or liquor sanguinis-, 
(2) the blood corpuscles: (a) red, (b) white, (c) plaques. 

The plasma is a pale, straw-colored liquid which penetrates 
every nook and corner of the body; it floats the corpuscles 
and tissue wastes. 

The corpuscles vary in color, size and function. The red, 
whose color is due to haemaglobin, are, says Robin, one three 
thousand four hundred and thirty-seventh of an inch in 
diameter in man; they constitute one-half of the mass of the 
blood; and are the carriers of oxygen to the tissues. The 
white corpuscles or leucocystes are in proportion to the red as 
one to one thousand; diameter, one twenty-five hundredth of 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


S3 

an inch; the function is still an unsolved problem, unless, as 
pointed out by Bizzoyero, Martin and others, these bodies and 
the plaques aid in the coagulation of the blood. 

In health the blood has a characteristic odor; slightly 
saline in taste; in reaction slightly alkaline; in color varying 
from red to dark blue; temperature, 98° F. All this is 
changed in disease, while after death the corpuscles undergo 
decomposition and clotting ensues. 

Andral and Gavaret have fully elaborated this branch of 
chemical pathology and have proved that in diabetes, cholera, 
hemorrhages, fever and acute inflammation the composition of 
the blood is radically changed, as in cholera when the blood 
becomes so thick as to arrest circulation. 

The embalmer cannot afford to be in ignorance of such 
knowledge of his art, otherwise his deficiency may compass his 
defeat and failure of the subject in hand. 

According to Lecaun, an analysis of the blood and serum 
in the human subject in both sexes yields: 

Water,. 75.00 parts. 

Albumen,. 5.00 “ 

Globules, .7.14 “ 

Fibrin, . 0.20 “ 

Martin states that about one half of the mass is composed 
of corpuscles, the remainder plasma. When exposed in a 
vacuum one hundred volumes of blood yield about sixty of 
oxygen, carbon dioxid and nitrogen. In one hundred parts of 
serum, ninety per cent is water; eight and five-tenths per cent 
are proteids; and one and five-tenths per cent, fats and salts. 

The moist corpuscles yield fifty-six parts of water and 
forty-four of solids; of the latter ninety per cent is haemaglob- 
in; eight and five-tenths proteids; one and five-tenths salts, 
chiefly chlorid and phosphate of potassium. 

The total blood in the body is about one-thirteenth of its 
entire weight; its specific gravity averaging one and fifty-five 
thousandths. 

The lymph is a colorless, watery fluid; feebly alkaline; 
contains no red corpuscles, but a quantity of carbon dioxid; 
specific gravity, one and forty-five thousandths. The lymph 
flowing from the intestines upward through the thoracic duct 
is known as chyle, a white, milky fluid, rich in nutriment. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 




Coagulation of tiie Blood. The clotting or coagulation 
is a most remarkable, far-reaching and life-sustaining property; 
dispossessed of it and the slightest hemorrhage, or finger 
abrasion would eventually prove fatal. 

This quality of the blood finds its basis in certain proteids 
present— fibrinogen. It is held that the leucocystes and 
plaques by their disintegration produce a substance —fibrin 
ferment , which converts the fibrinogen into fibrin; this active 
principle, aided by fibrinoplastin and certain salts, causes the 
blood to separate into clot and serum, when withdrawn from 
the body. If a solution of sodium sulphate or potassium 
nitrate be added to newly drawn blood, its coagulation is pre¬ 
vented. I have dissolved clotted blood by digesting it in a 
strong solution of nitre, a fact the practical embalmer should 
bear in mind. 

Now, in a lingering death clotting may set in at the 
extremities before life has become extinct; at any rate from 
twelve to fourteen hours after circulation ceases clot forms in 
the chambers of the heart, and chiefly in the venous system as 
the arteries are usually emptied by post-mortem contraction 
of their muscular coat. This clot must be removed and the 
vessel cleared before a foreign fluid can be injected in any 
considerable quantity. 

This may be effected as follows, a process I have often 
used when injecting a colored fluid into the blood vessels pre¬ 
paratory to the dissection of a cat, dog, or a rabbit. With a 
scapel make an incision and carefully raise the blood-vessel 
and into the aorta where it leaves the heart, in the carotid, or 
the femoral artery, insert a cannula; then make a cut in the 
right auricle or jugular veins, and inject with a syringe a 
solution ot nitre, or a six per cent solution of common salt. 
Continue the injections and ejections until all the blood has 
been washed out, after which the arteries and veins may be 
filled with any reliable fluid until the vessels are full or the 
tissues saturated. 

4. Practical Instruction Indispensible. 

A thorough knowledge of the other organs and systems 
of the body is essential for him who would succeed in this art; 
but the limitations of this article and the patience of my 
reader make it impossible to discuss at length their condition 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


25 


in health, in disease and in a post-mortem state; also the 
special treatment to be given each subject as varied by its 
physical organism, character of the disease and mode of death. 

In view of all this, I must refer the student to special 
treatises on the subject which are most instructive and enter¬ 
taining. Among the many may be named Clarke’s “New 
Work on Embalming,” Sullivan’s “Practical Embalming,” 
Lessley’s “Treatise on Embalming,” Parcelly’s “Etude His- 
torique et Critique des Embaumements,” Barnes’s “The Science 
and Art of Embalming,” Laskowski’s “L’embaumement et la 
conservatiore des subjects,” and the invaluable articles to be 
found in the trade journals from time to time. 

In addition to the hundreds of manuals and scores of 
periodicals that are now available, rich in the literature of the 
science, there are “schools of embalming” 1 conducted by mas¬ 
ters of the art in several of the large cities in America where 
the science and art are thoroughly taught and to which the 
embalmer should go from time to time for practical instruction. 
No progressive undertaker should be satisfied with anything 
short of the most advanced methods in this art which is com¬ 
paratively in its infancy, as now taught. 

The era of the ice-box for the preservation of the human 
dead is past. Freezing is only a temporary delay of putre¬ 
faction and when thawing sets in decomposition is rapid and 
offensive. The era of an intelligent use of chemicals is at 
hand. No longer the slow putrefaction, the obnoxious stench, 
the miasmatic effluvia, the poisonous gases of contagious 
diseases and plagues impregnate the soil, pollute the water we 
drink and the air we breathe, endanger the health of the 
community, or shatter the thought and religious sensibilities 
of the living. A thoroughly embalmed body will not become 
offensive, but when laid away ’neath the pines in the Silent 
City, in hallowed ground, or in granite tombs, to await the 

Sullivan’s Massachusetts School of Embalming, Boston. 

’Renouard’s United States School of Embalming, New York. 

Barnes’s Chicago College of Embalming, Chicago. 

Ferguson’s Ontario School of Embalming, Toronto. 

Fooney’s National School of Embalming, New York. 

Flarke’s School of Embalming, Springfield, O. 

^ohenschuh’s Iowa School of Embalming, Iowa City. 



26 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


judgment day, gradually dries, cures, hardens, until it is in a 
perfect state of mummification. 

Mr. W. H. Devore, 1 of Pittsburg, Pa,, has succeeded so 
well in the restoration of the art of mummification as to be 
able to exhibit at his establishment the mummified bodies of 
two adult human beings which were embalmed about twenty 
years ago. The bodies are somewhat shrunken, but the 
features have not changed so much as to be unrecognizable to 
those who knew them in life. The process is a secret which 
lies hidden away in the mind of the experimenter and inventor. 

III. EMBALMING IN PRACTICE. 

There are in vogue two leading methods of embalming: 

1. Cavity embalming or cavity injection. 

2. Arterial injection. 

And just here the writer would confess his deficiency in 
a thoroughly practical knowledge of, and an extended exper¬ 
ience in the art; but he has often assisted masters of the art 
and physicians in preparing remains for interment; and is 
familiar with the use of the ice-box and with the process of 
cavity injection. 

Signs of Death. Before beginning the operation of em¬ 
balming a subject, it is essential to know that life is extinct; 
there should be no doubt of this fact. Ordinarily this is 
certified to by the family physician. The apparent indications 
of death are not alwa 3 ^s sure, hence the necessity for a few 
reliable tests. 

The post-mortem rigidity or rigor mortis of the arms, 
neck, and muscles is evidence that life is extinct; the failure 
of the nervous system to respond to a blister on the arm, says 
Clarke, and the absence of moisture when burned is another; 
the disappearance of the pinkish lines between the fingers is 
a third indication; the want of irritability of the muscles 
under the battery; the putrefaction of the tissues, and the 
cadaverous appearance of the countenance all testify to the 
exit of life. On the other hand, the use of the mirror, the 
cessation of the circulation, or the appearance of the blood 
are not reliable proofs, in all cases, that the spark of life has 
been snuffed out and the soul has taken its flight. 


lr The Casket, Rochester, N. Y., Yol. XX, No. 10, p. 2. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


27 


1. Cavity Embalming. 

This is the simplest method of embalming now used and 
is exclusively employed when it is known that the body will 
not be disturbed and that interment will shortly follow. 

The process consists in placing the body in a horizontal 
position on ah ordinary cooling board with an adjustable head¬ 
rest. Renouard 1 recommends that the board be provided with 
a raised border, open at the foot; this prevents the soiling of 
the carpet, as the drippings may easily be caught in a pail. 
The head should be elevated only a few inches, says Sullivan, 
after which sponge the entire surface of the body with a good 
fluid. If gases accumulate they may be removed by the intro¬ 
duction of the trocar a little below the ribs on the left of the 
medial line. Direct it upwards and inject about a quart of 
fluid into the thorax; withdraw the instrument and direct it 
downwards into the abdomen, puncturing the stomach and 
intestines, if distended with gases, and inject from a pint to a 
quart of the fluid. On withdrawing the trocar securely close 
the incision. 

According to Clarke, the lungs and stomach may be 
injected through the trachea and oesophagus respectively. 
Finally Robinson recommends that the body be carefully 
wrapped or covered with cloths, saturated with the fluid, that 
the skin may become impregnated and absorb it inwardly. 

Should there be a tendency to “purge,” 2 a condition not 
infrequently met with, lay the body on its side, head down¬ 
ward, and by pressure expel the fluid contents of the stomach 
through the mouth and nostrils. Refill the large cavities 
with the fluid and repeat till all tendency to ferment is arrest¬ 
ed. As a rule, this method, when executed with care, will 
effect perfect preservation, for a limited time, of most of the 
cases that come under the care of the embalmer. 

Within recent years processes of embalming have been 
patented which necessitate the removal of the brains and 
viscera and the filling of the cavities with cotton saturated 


demonstrator of the U. S. School of Embalming, the Nestor of 
the modern art and an authority admitted by all to be the highest. 

2 A bag of ice or snow placed on the abdomen and chest will usual¬ 
ly check purging in its incipient stage.— Grice. 



28 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


with salt petre, sulphur dioxid, and water. The cavities are 
then closed and the body is steeped finally in the sulfurous 
gas. 

This process in principle does not differ materially from 
that of Chaussier as modified bv Boudet. An alcoholic solu- 

V 

tion of corrosive sublimate was employed as a plunge bath 
during the removal of the viscera and the body was finally 
immersed for three months in a dilute solution of mercuric 

chlorid, afterwards the body was suspended until completely 

« 

desiccated. 

The method was not popular, however, because of the 
costly fluids used, danger in manipulation, long treatment 
required and mutilation of the body, which rendered it 
disgusting and repugnant to the feelings, savoring as it did of 
the Egyptian methods of old. 

In addition to the injecting of the abdominal and chest 
cavities already noted, the injecting of the brain cavity must 
not be omitted; for while cavity embalming is not a complete 
method in itself, no embalming operation is complete without 
it. The brain cavity may be filled by either of two methods 
known as the Richardson Eye Process, and Barnes’s Needle 
Process. 

The former method is accomplished by inserting in the 
inner angle of the eye a six inch hollow tube or needle, and 
pushing it well*back, four and one-half inches, through the 
optic foramen, a bony opening in the skull. 

The other method, discovered by President Barnes of the 
Chicago College of Embalming, and by him taught with great 
success, is accomplished by inserting a four inch needle in 
the back of the neck and through a large opening in the 
occipital bone, known as the foramen magnum. It is claimed 
for this process 1 that it is the most practical, simple and 
complete method ever discovered; that it does away with all 
the disagreeable features of the eye process; removes all possi¬ 
bility of discoloration of the face and neck; and possesses the 
advantages gained by injecting the brachial artery, as well as 
other features. 


Announcement of the Indiana College of Embalming, 1895. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


29 


By either of the above methods, from one to three quarts 
of fluid may be injected into the brain cavity, and when the 
chest and abdominal cavities have been likewise treated and 
the arteries have been distended with the fluid, the subject is 
in a most excellent condition for preservation. 

2. Arterial Embalming. 

To secure the best appearance of a body, to insure its 
preservation for a more or less indefinite period, the fluid 
must be injected arterially. Indeed, this is the only reliable 
method of embalming now practiced and when supplemented 
with cavity injection, as outlined above, the embalming is 
complete. 

The process of arterial injection though simple is best 
acquired at a School of Embalming. The method may be 
briefly described as follows: 

Simply stated, it consists in ejecting from the body all 
fluids that tend to discoloration and fermentation and inject¬ 
ing into the arterial system and cavities an embalming fluid, 
after which such external applications may be given as will 
insure the best appearance of the skin and features. 

Having w r ashed the body entire with soap and water, 
sponged it with an antiseptic or an embalming fluid, as in 
cavity injection, expel from the stomach all fluid contents 
possible, place the subject on the cooling board, somewhat 
inclined, with head slightly elevated. 

According to Mills, if the subject be of usual flesh and 
color the common carotid or brachial artery may be used for 
injecting; if pale and emaciated the femoral artery will be 
better. 

Sullivan advocates the making of two incisions in every 
case—in the carotid or brachial, and in the right or left fem¬ 
oral. It facilitates the removal of any clot that may have 
formed in the venous system and renders the irrigation of the 
blood vessels less difficult. 

To inject either the brachial or femoral artery, or any 
other vessel for that matter, select the point of incision as 
determined by its anatomy; with a scapel lay open the flesh 
and raise the artery with the aneurism hook; make a tinj^ 
opening therein and insert the arterial tube, pointing it down- 


30 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


wards, and around the artery and tube fix a ligature. Usually 
the circulatory system is first cleansed by washing with cold 
water or a salt solution, until it issues quite clear from the 
body. The system may be dehydrated by the rejection of 
alcohol and this treatment followed with ether to extract the 
fatty maters. Many embalmers do not deem it necessary to 
first cleanse the circulatory system but proceed at once to 
slowly and carefully pump the fluid into the artery until the 
blood vessels of the face are slightly distended. In the latter 
case, says Grice, the heart is usually tapped and all the blood 
possible first extracted therefrom. 

To close the incision quickly and securely, thread a needle 
with silk or heavy shoemaker’s linen, completely encircle the 
wound with the silk, passing the needle a little below the 
cuticle, then tie tightly and the opening is closed. 1 The 
next step is to make the usual cavity injections, repeating 
both processes after a few hours, or until there is no further 
decomposition. 

Foreign Customs of Burial. The custom of embalming 
and modes of burial differ in different countries. In France, 
after one’s demise, his late residence will be draped by the 
public authorities, the relatives having no choice iu the matter 
except the decision whether oi not the body shall be embalmed. 
For this service $500 are charged. In America the cost of 
embalming varies from $15 to $75, sometimes more in difficult 
cases. But three states—Alabama, Missouri and Pennsyl¬ 
vania 2 —have enacted laws regulating the business; these 
states require an examination and a certificate to permit a 
person to engage in the business of undertaking and embalm¬ 
ing. But on the continent of Europe, however, only authorized 
or government officials are allowed the final disposition of the, 
dead; this is the case in France, Germany, Italy and Russia 
and a few minor nations. In these countries funerals are a 
government monopoly and the officials in charge in France are 
of military rank. The character of the funeral and the ex¬ 
pense incurred depends on the social rank of the deceased, the 
cost being nothing for a pauper who constitutes the eleventh 


The Embalmer’s Monthly, Chicago, Yol. VII, No. 7, p. 120. 
The Sunny Side, New York, Yol. XXVI, No. 1, p. IS. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 81 

class: twelve dollars for a tenth class; and five thousand dollars 
for a first-class burial. Should the expense incurred be not 
paid promptly, the family goods may be confiscated by the 
government. 1 

3. Growth of the Art. 

The processes above described are those in general use in 
this country. Other processes have been used in Europe 
during the present century and to their consideration I now 
turn. 

The old Egyptian process of embalming, as I have shown, 
was founded on the principle of complete immersion of the 
body for a period 2 in a bath composed largely of antiseptics, 
notably salts of soda, which so impregnate the tissues as to 
render them imputrescible; or, after the removal of the 
viscera the cavities were filled with bitumen, the skin rubbed 
with antiseptic powders, various other chemicals and aromatic 
preservatives, and the body finally exposed to the desiccating 
effect of the Egyptian climate. 

This seems to have been the mode of preserving the dead 
at the beginning of the nineteenth century and appears to 
have met all requirements; indeed, it was most successful, for 
the bodies of man}^ of the royalty were in a perfect state of 
preservation several hundred years after death. But the 
investigations of Boudet, more especially those of Gannal, 
enabled the latter to inaugurate a new system, consequently 
the process of maceration was almost entirely abandoned. 

Briefly stated Gannal’s 3 process was to cleanse the body 
with soap and water; remove the contents of the visceral, 
thoracic and brain cavities; the immersion of the body for one 
week in a strong solution of nitre and alum; later the filling 
of the cavities with tow and white arsenic and the desiccation 
of the body by burying it in the sand for ten days. The 
replacement of the grave habiliments and the sealing of the 
body in a leaden coffin completed this expensive, tedious 
not to say repugnant process. It was no improvement over 
the belter Egyptian method and did not become general. 


^he Western Undertaker, Chicago, Vol. XVI, No. 4. 

2 Herodote dit 70 jours, Diodore 72, et la Bible 42, Parcelly, p. 40. 

3 Gannal—Histoire des Embaumements, p. 208. 



32 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


The process of Durand and Worth may be taken as the 
basis of our present excellent method of arterial embalming. 

By them the circulatory system was punctured at several 
points. The contents of the digestive tract were removed and 
the whole filled by injecting an arsenical fluid, or one com¬ 
posed largely of soda hyposulfite. 

Several years ago in Europe a series of competitive experi¬ 
ments were made looking to the improvement of the then 
crude method of preserving museum specimens and the human 
dead in which Gannal, Dupre, Sucquet, 1 Latour, Moullardi, 
Hunter 2 and others participated. 

In this contest, Sucquet’s method was preferred, he inject¬ 
ing into the arteries a solution, chielty zinc chlorid; Gannal 
employed a strong solution of aluminum sulfate and chlorid, 
based upon the property of alumina to form an imputrescible 
compound with the tissue elements; while Dupre is said 
to have used carbonic and sulfurous acids, or more probably 
the acid oxids. 

The process of Franchina 3 consists in injecting into the 
crural arteries a quantity of fluid composed largely of arsenic 
dissolved in water or brandy. No doubt this fluid effectually 
preserved the tissues; but the necessarily rapid desiccation of 
the body proved to be an objectional feature. 

Other chemists and physicians have been interested in 
the preservative art, notably Marquez, Dusouard, Ilomolle, 
Kolbe, 4 Burnett, Becoeur and Goodby; 5 6 but as their experi¬ 
ments were devoted largely to compounding embalming fluids 
the discussion of them will be deferred for succeeding pages. 

!V. EMBALMING FLUIDS. 

As heretofore stated one of the prime essentials, next to a 
thorough knowledge of the business and the possession of a 
good embalming cabinet , is a reliable fluid of which there are 


Sucquet—Bel ’embanmement chez les anciens et chez les 
modernes. 

2 Hahn and Thomas—Diet, des Sciences Medicales au mot Em- 
baumement. 

3 Franchina—Bericht uber Austellung einbalsamister Leichen 

Heapel. 

Hournal for practische, Vol. NXVI. 

6 Gorini—Nouva Methoda per le Conservazione dei Caderi. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 88 

a score on the market. Some of these fluids I have subjected 
to a partial examination; others have received a complete 
analysis. Many of these fluids are public property and their 
composition may be found in any complete work on embalming; 
but the constitution of others and some of the best and most 
recent, too, are still the personal property of the inventors, 
being protected by patents; and hence I do not consider that 
I have the moral or legal right to publish their formulae in 
an article of this character. 

Among the fluids that have come under my inspection are: 
the Mills and Lacy fluid, the Oriental, the Champion, the Per¬ 
fection, the Ralcohl, the Ideal, the Mystic, the Imperial, 
Clarke’s Best, the Utopia, the Owen’s fluid, the Renouard fluid, 
Mead’s embalmer, Shaw’s fluid compound, Phorencina and 
Uptimum. 

A careful examination of these fluids revealed the fact that 
arsenic is foremost while alcohol is second among the chemi¬ 
cals employed in their compounding. Zinc constitutes an 
important base; while such chemicals as mercuric chlorid, 
aluminum sulfate; the chlorids, sulfates and permanganates 
of iron, sodium and potassium; the bichromates; certain salts 
of copper and lead; tin chlorid and the borates in general; 
also creosote, carbolic acid, camphor, chloral hydrate, glycerin, 
thyme, menthol, tannin, salicylic acid and picric and formic 
acids were the chemicals most frequently occurring. Creosote 
was a common ingredient of the fluids, one of the most valuable; 
it is also the most ancient, and, devoid of all other pyrogenous 
products, it possesses in the highest degree antiputrid properties. 

Other fluids that have been long and favorably known 
either for the preservation of anatomical specimens or for 
embalming purposes contain the constituents named below. 

For the preservation of museum specimens Baton gives 
this compound: 

Potassium antimonyl tartrate, . . 6 parts. 

Iodin or bromin, .... 5 “ 

Pure water, 300 “ 

Moullardi 1 employed a solution of the following: 

Mercuric chlorid, .... 3 parts. 

Glycerin,.20 “ 


] Dict. des Sciences Medicales, art. Embaumement,' p. 592. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


U 


A fluid extensively employed in Europe at one time for 
preserving the tissues and color of muscles contained of 

Brown cane sugar, . . . 5 0 ounces. 

Sodium chlorid, . . . 10.0 “ 

Pure water, .... 5.0 gallons. 

Solution of creosote or of carbolic acid in the proportion 
of one to fifty of water are good preservatives as well as 
disinfectants, often emp^ed by the writer. But probably the 
most common preventative of putrefaction is ethylic alcohol 
and water in varying proportions. 

For a purely embalming fluid Renouard 1 made use of this 
formula: 


Mercuric chlorid. 
Zinc chlorid, 
Creosote, 
Alcohol, 


2.0 ounces. 
4.0 “ 

4.0 “ 

1.0 gallon. 


Asa lotion for the saturation of cloths to be laid upon the 
body he used: 

Aluminum acetate, . . . 12.0 ounces. 

Iron sulfate, .... 4.0 *• 

Mercuric chlorid, . . . 2.0 “ 

Pure water, . . , . 1.0 gallon. 

A fluid largety employed in cavity injection has the fol- 
fowing composition: 

Mercuric chlorid, .... 2.0 ounces. 

Zinc chlorid,.3.0 “ 

Creosote,.4.0 “ 

Alcohol,.5.0 gallons. 

Pyroligneous acid, . . . 5.0 “ 

Gannal 2 was the inventor of several embalming fluids and 
one largely consumed in Europe had the formula: 

Aluminum sulfate, , . . 48.0 ounces, 

Arsenious acid, . . . .4.0 " 

Creosote,.4.0 “ 

Pure water,.1.0 gallon. 

The following formula was often modified to meet the 
conditions of the subject and variations in temperature, being 
largely used on fleshy persons and in summer: 


’Renouard—Undertaker’s Manual, p. 182. 
’Gannal—Histoire des Embaumements. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


85 


Aluminum chlorid, 

Mercuric chlorid, 

Salicylic acid, . 

Pure water, .... 
Durand and Worth made use of an 
posed of: 


7.20 ounces. 

2.0 

12.0 

1.5 gallons. 

injecting fluid com- 


Areenious acid, .... 

Soda carbonate, 

Pure water, .... 

Still another preparation contained: 
Soda hyposulfite, 

Sulfuric acid, .... 

Pure water, .... 
Capron’s formula for an embalming 
considerable repute in Europe was: 


3.0 ounces. 

4.0 “ 

3.0 quarts. 

12.0 ounces. 

6.0 “ 

4.0 quarts. 

fluid which gained 


Carbolic acid, .... 4.0 ounces, 

Glycerin, , 1.0 quart. 

Alcohol, .2.0 “ 

Pure water, .... 2.0 “ 

The color, firmness of the tissues and naturalness of the 
features were reported as being well preserved by this anti¬ 
septic. 

Paracelly 1 states in his valuable publication, a work that 
should be found in the library of every skillful embalmer: 

“A Lyon, les liquides conservateurs qu’ on emploie sout 


les suivants: 

1. A l’ampitheatre d’ anatomie ou j’ai vu des corps tres 
bien conserves, apres un temps assex long ecoule depuis la 
mort, on se sert de cette formule: 

Acide phenique liquide, .... 2.50 

Acide arsenieux,.2.50 

Glycerine,.100.00 

Alcool methylique, .... 200.00 

Eau, ....... 650.00 

2. Les formules de l’amphitheatre de medecine opera- 
toire sout celles qui suivent. 

(a) Pour l’injection du subjet: 


Glycerine, .... 

1200.0 grams. 

Acide arsenieux, 

100.0 “ 

Acide phenique, 

300.0 “ 

Alcool, ..... 

25.0 “ 

Camphre, .... 

5.0 “ 

Eau, ...... 

4.0 litres. 


^arcelly—Etude Historique et Critique des Embaumements, p. 147. 



36 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


(b) Pour la conservation de pieces anatomiques: 


Glycerine, 

Alcool, 

Sublime 2 grms, 
Chlorure de zinc 0.50, 


| a a 

} par litre. 


(c) Pour les embaumements en ville, le liquide conser- 
vateur est le suivant pour un seul cadavre: 


Sublime, 

Alcool, 

Camphre, 

Sulfure dezinc, 
Acide phenique. 
Glycerine blanche, 


200.0 

300.0 

30.0 

20.0 

100.0 

7.0 Litres.” 


A solution for embalming as prepared and injected by 
Marquez has as constituents: 


Mercuric chlorid, 
Arsenious acid, 
Alcohol, 

Cologne water, 
Warm water, 


12.0 ounces. 
1.0 “ 

2.0 quarts. 
2.0 “ 

2.0 “ 


The Scientific American states there was patented in New 
York in 1878 an embalming fluid containing potassium nitrate, 
aluminum chlorid, salicylic acid, thymol, glycerin, alcohol, 
and water; but in what proportions I am unable to state. 

A very excellent German fluid is said to contain these 
ingredients: 


Alum,. 

10.0 parts. 

Sodium chlorid. 

2.5 " 

Potassium nitrate, 

1.2 “ 

Potash, ..... 

6.0 “ 

Arsenic acid, .... 

1.1 ” 

Boiling water. 

300.0 “ 


To the cold filtered solution was added 0.4 litre of glycerine 
and 0.1 litre of methylic alcohol. 

The Pharmaceutical Era gives this formula: 

Thymol,.15.0 grains. 

Alcohol, 3.0 drams. 

Glycerin, . . . , . 10.0 ounces. 

Water, . . . . , 5.0 ounces. 


Dissolve the thymol in the alcohol, add the glycerine 
and then the water. This fluid may be employed with good 
results also for preserving anatomical specimens. 

According to the Boston Journal of Chemistry, Wicker- 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


37 


sheimer’s famous preserving fluid as now put up by the promi¬ 
nent manufacturers in Berlin contains respectively, according 
as it is to be used for injecting or immersing bodies: 


Arsenious acid, 

16 grams; 

12 grams. 

Sodium chlorid, 

80 " ; 

60 

44 

Potassium sulfate, . 

200 “ ; 

150 

4 4 

Potassium nitrate, 

25 “ ; 

18 

44 

Potassium carbonate, 

10 “ ; 

15 

4 4 

Water, 

20 lit.; 10 litres. 


Glycerin, 

4 “ ; 4 

4 4 


Methylic alcohol, 

X “ ; X 

44 



Hager suggests the following as a substitute for the above 
preparation: 


Salicylic acid, 

Boracic acid, 
Potassium carbonate, 
Dissolve in hot water, 
Glycerin, 

Then add: ' 


4.0 drams, 
5.0 “ 

1.0 “ 
12.5 ounces. 
5.0 “ 


Oil cinnamon, oil cloves each 3 ounces dissolyod in 12.5 ounces of alcohol. 

This latter fluid is not poisonous and possesses the desir¬ 
able property of acting as an antiseptic and also as a preventive 
and exterminator of moths and vermin, and is possessed of a 
pleasant odor. 

As a preserver of cadavers for anatomical investigations 
and clinical purposes, Dr. Thy wodzoff 1 of St. Petersburg, Russia, 
recommends this fluid: 

Thymol,.2.0 ounces. 

Alcohol,.2.0 quarts. 

Glycerin,.2.0 “ 

Water. .2.0 “ 

Used as an arterial injection. 

In the foregoing list, it will be observed that arsenic, 
alcohol, mercuric chlorid, aluminum sulfate, carbolic acid and 
thymol compose the leading constituents of a large number of 
fluids as compounded and used in this country, and in Ger¬ 
many and England; but in France, however, the use of arsenic 
as a preservative is quite generally prohibited except for 
preserving museum specimens. 

When handling embalming fluids to any extent the oper- 


*“The Sunnyside,” New York, Yol. NXV, No. 10, p. 14. 




38 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


ator is frequently afflicted with sore hands. Mills and Lacy 
recommend the washing of the hands after returning from an 
embalmment in a solution containing: 

Soda bicarbonate, . . . 4.0 ounces. 

Soda sulfite, .... 4.0 onnces. 

Rain water, .... 5.0 quarts. 

V. DISINFECTANTS. 

In the preceding pages I have endeavored to sketch briefly 
but clearly the history of embalming; to show the solicitude 
of the living for their dead in all ages; to point out the fact 
that all animal tissues tend to putrefy and decompose; to 
explain the vital and circulatory systems of the body; and to 
bring before the reader the methods in vogue and fluids em¬ 
ployed to arrest decomposition and to effect the preservation 
of the tissues in their post-mortem condition for varying 
periods, as applied to the human dead. 

But the living should receive greater consideration than 
the dead that our lives may be more tranquil and peaceful; 
our bodies less subject to physical pain and disease; that joy 
and not sorrow, success not failure, may prevail; and that 
longevity may be greatly augmented among men and nations. 

To attain this end the utmost care and vigilance should 
be exercised by the individual, the community and the state 
in the disposal of the putrefying matter about the home, in 
public places, and in the atmosphere and waters; for, should 
we neglect or fail to arrest such decomposition and dissemina¬ 
tion in the air we inhale, the water we drink, and the food we 
consume, poisonous gases, putrid matter, and polluted water 
will eventually impregnate our systems, death may strike us 
down prematurely, and we may become fit subjects for the 
embalmer’s art. 

Putrefaction is a process of fermentation by which azotized 
or nitrogenous bodies undergo decomposition spontaneously 
with the evolution of foul and fetid odors. Pasteur himself 
defined putrefaction as “fermentation without oxygen,” and 
showed that all decay was due to the action of organisms, the 
Bacterium termo being the common organism which begins 
eremacausis. The process, as every chemist knows, is compli¬ 
cated, resulting in the evolution of carbon dioxid, sulfurated 
hydrogen, phosforated hydrogen, methane) ammonia, nitrogen, 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


39 


hydrogen, water, acetic, lactic, butyric, valerianic, oxalic, car¬ 
bolic, and other organic acids and bases such as the ptomaines 
and leucomaines. 1 The process differs essentially, as shown by 
Pasteur, according as the materials undergoing change are 
exposed to, or protected from the access of free oxygen, 
moisture and heat. 

The conditions essential to putrefaction are, therefore: 
(1) moisture, (2) a temperature between 32° F. and 200° F., 
(3) atmospheric air, or free oxygen, (4) bacteria. 

On the other hand, the desiccation 2 of a body effectually 
arrests putrefaction, and this process played an important 
part in Egyptian mummification; congelation , as shown by the 
preservation of gigantic prehistoric animals in the glaciers of 
northern latitudes, and farther exemplified in the “cold storage 
industry” of the present day; and heat , for the boiling tem¬ 
perature 3 as well as zero 4 will usually destroy nearly all bacteria 
whereby putrefaction is possible. 

As suggested, putrefaction may be prevented and when 
once set in may be arrested by the application of disinfectants 
almost everywhere accessible. Probably one of the first appli¬ 
cations of disinfectants, says Thorpe, was that involved in 
the ancient process of embalming the dead by treatment with 
aromatic gums and resins; and as the embalmer to-day, five 
thousand years later, has frequent occasion for recourse to 
disinfectants, their further consideration here will not be 
inappropriate. 

Before the universal acceptance of the germ theory the 
term disinfection was used to include the destruction of in¬ 
fectious matter, the removal of any noxious odors to which 
such matter gave rise, and to the action of any substance 
which served as a mask for noxious odors. 

Now, however, with the wonderful work of Pasteur, Koch, 
Sternburg, Cohn, Hoffman, Buchner, Vaughan and other 
bacteriologists before us, it is possible to define a disinfectant 
as a germicide. Disinfection has ceased to mean simply puri- 

x Sadtler and Trimble’s Pharmaceutical and Medical Chemistry, 

p. 776. . 

2 Dr. Buchner—Ohio San. Record, April, 1894. 

3 Mitt, a. d. Kais. Gesundh., 1881, pp. 301 and 322. 

4 Ianowski—Centr. f. Bakteriologie, 1881, Vol. IV, p. 547. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


40 


Jication , but has acquired the special meaning of sterilization. 
A true disinfectant, therefore, must not only mask the smell, 
but must destroy or kill the germs which give rise to it; a 
substance that will kill those germs which act injuriously 
on the higher forms of life, without having any marked action 
upon such higher forms; furthermore, a substance which must 
be efficient in destroying the spores of pathogenic organisms, 
the product of bacterial action. 1 Hence an ideal disinfectant 
really goes to the source of the trouble, and by killing the 
organism, prevents the spread of epidemic disease, poison and 
death. 

Disinfectants are of two kinds: (1) natural; (2) artificial; 
and are classed as (a) preservatives, (b) deordorants, (c) an¬ 
tiseptics. A preservative is a preventive of putrefaction, of 
decomposition, as alcohol, or a good embalming fluid; a deo¬ 
dorant does not prevent putrefaction but simply absorbs 
offensive or unpleasant odors emitted from matter undergoing 
decay, as charcoal, infusioral earth, gypsum; while an antiseptic 
is an agent that arrests putrefaction, but does not possess the 
power of destroying germ life, as carbolic acid, carbon disulfid. 

Cheapest among the natural disinfectants are: 

(a) The atmosphere , by removing the offensive gases and 
partially oxidizing them. 

(b) Water, 2 chiefly mechanical, by removing impurities, 
the products of putrefaction and decay. 

(c) Dry earth , by absorbing the gases and effecting 
their oxidation. 

(d) Soot , as an absorbant and because of its empyreu- 
matic and bituminous properties. 

(e) Sawdust , moderately absorbent; possesses resinous 
and aromatic properties, if cut from pine wood. 

(0 Lime , similar in its action to earth; also chemically 
combines with certain gases. 

(g) Charcoal , a wonderful absorbent of gases, a decolor- 
izer, and a purifier of liquid and semi-liquid substances. 

(M Coal tar , similar in its properties to charcoal, but 
whose partial volatility enables it to act more favorably upcn 
an impure atmosphere. 


^ideal—Disinfection and Disinfectants, p. 1. 

2 Ann. de lTnst. Pasteur, 1892, Vol. VI, p. 21. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


U 

(i) Dried peat, a great absorbent of water and gases, 
hence valuable in dry closets; also has a disinfectant action 
upon cholera vibrios. 

(j) Light} specially sunlight, chiefly chemical, has a 
deleterious action on bacteria in their vegetative and in their 
spore forms. 

The artificial disinfectants as classified may be grouped as: 

(a) Oxids : peroxid of hydogen, trioxid and peroxid of 
nitrogen, dioxid of sulfur and of carbon, etc. 

(b) Acids : (a) mineral,—hydrochloric, sulfuric, sul- 
furous, nitric, nitrous, chromic, permanganic, arsenious, arsenic; 
(b) organic,—carbolic, * 2 carbonic, acetic, picric, boracic, sali¬ 
cylic, tannic, benzoic, anisic, gallic, oxalic, oleic, formic, 3 
P3 r roligneous and others. 

(c) Salts of mercury, iron, zinc, copper, manganese, alum¬ 
inum, lead, arsenic, tin, etc.; also the various derivatives of 
coal and wood tar, petroleum, and of the nitro, amido and 
pyridine groups. 

(d) Gases: chlorin, iodin, bromin, fluorin, sulfur, ozone, 
oxygen, nitrogen, carbon; smoke, chloroform, etc. 

(e) Volatile oils : cedar, cloves, peppermint, turpentine, 
creosote, camphor, caraway, thymol, 4 menthol, cinnamon, ver¬ 
bena, geranium, 5 hops, etc. 

(0 Alcohols, chiefly ethylic and methylic; the aldehydes 
and derivatives therefrom. 

Some one, or several of these disinfectants, is regularly 
used in every sick room, death chamber and living room. 
Ordinarily the circulation of the pure atmosphere through the 
room, or lumps of charcoal scattered about, will disinfect suffi¬ 
ciently; but in cases of fever, diphtheria, cholera or other 
contagious diseases, the saturation and fumigation of the 
closed room with sulfurous gas, chlorin, carbolic acid, corrosive 
sublimate, etc., become an absolute necessity; while the em¬ 
balming of the body may not require a more complex fluid 


Tvoch—Zeitschrift fiir Hygiene, Yol, X, p. 285. 

2 Journ. Soc. Chem. Ind., 1889, p. 131. 

s Am. Chem. Journal, Yol. VII, p. 62. 

4 Brit. Med. Journ., 1875, Yol. I, p, 680. 

5 Rey. Therap., 1893, p. 290. 


» 



42 Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 

than a solution of arsenious acid, mercuric chlorid or alumin¬ 
um sulfate. 

But it matters not how simple or how complicated may be 
the cause of the difficulty and its remedy, the nurse, the physi¬ 
cian and the embalmer must be masters of the situation. 

And now in conclusion, what I shall say? What matters it 
to the dead as to their disposition? Who can say which are 
wisest, the Egyptians who embalmed, the Greeks and Romans 
who cremated , 1 the Celts, ihe Europeans and the Americans,— 
all nations over all the globe, in every land, in every time,— 
who buried ; 2 or some of the American aborigines who desiccated 
the body or left it to the birds of heaven after the spirit had 
been gathered to Manitou in the happy hunting grounds? 
Certainly the mortal body has no part in it; for “in a moment, 
in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trump, .... we 
shall be changed, for this corruptable must put on incorruption 
and this mortal must put on immortality.” 

In the disposal of the dead that process is most natural, 
most scientific, most holy which best protects the living 
from disease, death and anguish of soul; and makes the 
heart of man more tender and charitable toward his fellow 
creatures as they halt on this paltry planet in their journey to 
the immeasurable future of uncertian reward. Rather may 
those who have gone before into the promised land remember 
us who remain, not by our tomb, covered with immortelles, our 
storied urns, or eulogistic epitaphs; but rather for our gentle¬ 
ness, and sympathy, and helpfulness along the pathway of 
life. 


2 Dr. Bauweus—Inhumation et Cremation, p. 303. 

^r. Martin—Les Cimetieres et la Cremation, pp. 88-89. 
-Penicher—Traite des embaumements, p. 111. 



Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


43 


BIBLIOGRAPHY OF EMBALMING. 

In the following pages an attempt has been made to collect 
the titles of books on embalming, embalming fluids, mummies, 
sanitation, and preservation of animal matter from an histori¬ 
cal, theoretical and practical view-point; and to supplement 
the same with articles of similar character published in the 
various scientific and literary periodicals, technical journals, 
bulletins, reports and papers. 

So far as I am aware, and this conclusion has been reached 
after a wide correspondence and personal research, there has 
never been undertaken, heretofore, in any language or form, 
the preparation of a bibliography of embalming and its cognate 
literature. 

In the preparation of this work, our time and facilities 
were limited, hence our desire to gain access to all the shelves 
and journals devoted to the science and art of embalming was 
unattainable, as it was also impossible to secure competent 
assistance, in all cases, to undertake the work of compilation 
in the oldest and most noted institutions of learning at home 
and abroad, not to name the great libraries at the national 
capital. 

In the preparation of this bibliography I have, however, 
enjoyed the facilities offered by a few of the national libraries 
of Europe and America, and my hearty thanks are due to the 
Librarians and other officers of the British Museum, London; 
Uuiversity libraries of Cambridge and Oxford; Bibliotheque 
National, Paris, the largest in France; Libraries of the Medi¬ 
cal School, Paris; Library of the Museum of Natural History, 
Paris; Grossh. Universitiite Bibliothek, Heidelberg and Leip¬ 
zig; Bohmisch National Museum, Prag; Library of National 
Museum, Rome; Libraries of Congress and of the Smithsonian 
Institute, Washington; Harvard University Library, Cam¬ 
bridge; Columbia College Library, New York; and the files of 
the technical journals devoted to embalming, medicine and 
surgery published in America and Europe. 


u 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


I am under obligation to Professor Henry DeVarigny, M. 
D., Sc. D., of the Museum of Natural History, Paris, who per¬ 
sonally supervised the collection of data in that city; to Dr. 
Joseph F. James, of the Division of Pathology, Washington, 
who copied with accuracy and fidelity several hundred titles 
for my use; to Gustav E. Stechert, New York, and his agents 
in Europe; to the editors of The Post-Graduate and Wooster 
Quarterly, who have arranged for the publication of this 
paper and did the proof-reading. To all these gentlemen and 
others who have in any way assisted me, I express my sincere 
thanks for their assiduity, promptness and fidelity to my 
interests. For convenience the titles have been grouped under 
three heads: I. General Works; II. Periodicals; III. Contri¬ 
butions to Periodicals and Technical Journals. With few 
exceptions, the matter has been arranged alphabetically by 
authors. Many of the references cited in the foregoing thesis, 
for obvious reasons, do not appear here. 

For the conception and contents of this paper in its entirety, 
the author alone is responsible for whatever it may contain that 
is valuable to scientific literature. 

I. GENERAL WORKS. 

Allorge, E. G. 

Notice sur les embaumements des corps. 80 . Paris, 1872. 
Altmann, (M.) 

De cadaverum conditura. Berolini, 1841, in 80 . 

Altmann, M. 

De cadayerum conditura. Diss. Berol. 4o. 

Ambrosoli. 

Dell uso glicerissa per la conservazione dei preparati anatomici. 
Gazz. med. ital. lomb., Milano, 1858. 4o. T. Ill, p. 333. 

Amelinean. 

Etude sur le Christianisme en Egypte, p. 143. 

Ball, W. W. 

An Elementary and Practical Treatise on Chemical Embalming, 
with two anatomical charts, [etc.] 12 o, Springfield, O., 1881. 
pp. 39, pi. 2, 

Progressive Embalming Science. Illustrated with new methods 
of Embalming Surgery, Embalming Necroscopia, Embalming 
Bacteriology, Embalming Chemistry. And a brief history of 
diseases ending in death. 12o. Springfield, 0., 1895. pp. 
1G4, figs. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


45 


Arnold. 

A Method for Preserving Membranous Pathalogical Specimens. 
Tran. Am. Med. Asso. Phila., 1858. V. XI, p. 797. 

Baialskii, J. 

Balzamirovanie. (Buyalbkii?) Med. Yiestrik. St. Petersberg, 
1866. T. VI, p. 321. 

Barnes, C. L. ard Barrum, C. E. 

The Art and Science of Embalming: Descriptive and Operative. 
Appendix on Funeral Etiquette, by R. R. Bringhurst; and 
Notes on Sanitary Undertaking, by W. P. Hohenschuh. Ills. 
60 engravings, 500 pp. Indianapolis, Ind., 1896. 

Bayle, D. C. 

L’embaumements dans les temps anciens et modernes, suivi de 
l’expose d’une methode nouyelle sans incisions. 8o. Paris, 
1873. 

Becker, W. G. 

Augusteum ou Description des monumen3 antiques qui se tronvent 
a Dresde. 3 tom. Leipzig, 1804-11. fo. 

Bellonius, P. 

De admirabili operum antiquorum et rerum suspiciendarum 
praestantia. Liber Primus. Paris, 1553. 8vo. 

De medicato funere, seu cadavere condito, et lugubri defunctorum 
ejulatione. Liber Secundus. 

De medicamentis nonnullis, seryandi cadaveris vim obtinentibus. 
Liber Tertius. 

Berge, O. G. u. Gerber. 

De conditura mortuorum, germ.: von der Talbung der Todten. 
Frankfort, 1712. 4o. 

Beverly. 

History of Virginia, p. 185. 1722. (Quoted by Yarrow, p, 131.) 
Account of method of embalming bodies of “Kings and Rul¬ 
ers” of Virginian Indians. 

Blancard. 

Balsamatione nova Methodus. Paris, 1695. 

Blancard, S. 

Neue und besondere Maniers alle verstorbene Korper, mit wenig 
Unkosten, dergestalt zu balsamiren, dass solche in etlichen 
hundert Jahren nicht verwesen, noch Farbe und Gestalt 
verlieren konnen. Small 8o. Hannover u. Wolfenbiittel, 
1705. 

Blumenbach, I. F. 

Observations on Some Egyptian Mummies Opened in London, 
1794. Sep. abde. 4o. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Bobieree. 

Nouveaux procedes de conservation des substances animates, ap- 
plicables a l’embaumement des corps, etc. Paris, 1845. 18o. 


Bouomi. 

Sarcophagus of Di Meneptah. London, 1864. Describes inscrip¬ 
tions on sarcophagi. 


Bozros. 

Method for preserving pieces of lean and flexible anatomy. Bull. 
Fac. med. de Paris, 1819. T. VI, p. 426. 

Bruhier, J, J. 

Memoire sur la necessite d’un reglement general au sujet des 
enterremens et embaumemens. 4o. Paris, 1745-46. 

Brunetti, L. 

Notice sur une nouvelle methode de conservation macro-micro- 
scopique des pieces anatomiques: suivi d’un catalogue de 
ses diverses preparations anatomiques placees a l’exposition 
universelle de Paris in 1867. So. Paris, 1867. 

Buciivinder. 

Disecacion de los cadaveris. Encicl. med.-farm , Barcelona. V. 
I, pp, 68-70. 1877. 

Budge, E. A. W. 

The Mummy. Chapters on Egyptian Funeral Archaeology. 88 
illustrations, pp. 405. 8vo. Cambridge, Eng., 1894. 

Campani, Dario. 

Nuovo processo di imbalsamazione. 8vo. pp. 7. Pisa, 1889. 
Champollion-Figeac, J. J. 

Note sur une nouvelle espece d’insecte, du genre corynetes de 
Fabricius, observee a Grenoble. Paris, 1814. 8o. pp. 8. 

“Extrait du Magazin encyclopedique, Mai, 1814.” 

Notice sur une momie egyptienne du temps d’ Hadrien, deposse 
au musee royal egyptien de Turin. Paris 1824. 8o. p. 4. 
Plate. 

“Extrait du Bulletin universal des sciences,” 1824. VII, Sect. 
No. 9. 


Clarke, J. H. 

Treatise on Chemical Embalming. Language both technical and 
plain. Illustrated. 12o. pp. 23. Plate. Springfield, O., 1881. 

Clarke’s text-book of Embalming, illustrating and describing the 
anatomy of the human body as is needed by the professional 
or expert embalmer, etc. etc. Springfield, 0., 1886. 12o. pp. 
142, xi, port., pi. 6, figs. 3. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


47 


Clarke. 

New work on Embalming. Illustrated, plates, plain and in colors, 
describing the anatomy ofjthe'human body as is required by 
the novice or expert embalmer; funeral etiquette, etc. Spring- 
field, 0. 1894. pp. 196. Second edition, 1896. 

Clauder, G. 

Methodus balsam, andi corpora humana, aliaque majora sine 
eyisceratione et sectione hucusque solita. Small 4o. Alten- 
burgi, 1679. 

Conant. 

Footprints of the Vanished Faces. Chapter VI. 

Constantin, M. 

De methodis balsamandi cadavera humana, juxta antiquos et 
recentiores. So. Pestini, 1834. [Text in Hungarian. Thesis.] 

Conil, P. 

Etudes historiques et comparatives sur les embaumements. 
Small 8o. Paris, 1856. 

Cooke. 

On the preservation of specimens of morbid structure in a solution 
of chlorid of sodium. London, 1864. Er. Path. Soc.. T, XV, 
pp. 244-247. 

Andrea, Cozzi A. 

Ricerche sui methodi diversi fino adora adottati per efiectuare le 
imbalmazioni dei cadaveri, e sulla riduzione delle sostanze 
organiche a solidita lapidea. Firenze, della topografia Pagani, 
1840. 8o. 

CZERMAK, J. N. 

Beschreibung und mikroskopische Untersuchung zweier Agyp- 
tischer Mumien. Prag. 1852. 8o. 

Sitzungsb. d. k. Akad. d. Wissensch. Math.-naturw. Cl., Wien, 
v. 9. 

CZERMAK. 

Beschreibung und mikroskopische Untersucliungen von Mumien. 
Leipzig. 1829. Gesammelte Schriften. Bd. I, pp. 144. 8o. 

De Camp, W. H. 

A New and Improved Method of Preserving Pathological and An¬ 
atomical Specimens. Trans. Med, Soc, Mich, for 1867-8. 

Detroit, 1878. pp. 115. 

Nadalliac. 

Prehistoric America. Trans, by N. D’Anvers. 219 illustrations, 
pp. 566. New York, 1895. On pages 69, 428-32, 504, refers to 
mummies found in California, Mexico and Peru. See also 
illus. Nos. 177, 178, 179, 


48 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


Delano, Christopher. 

A descriptive narrative of the wonderful putrifaction of a man into 
stone as perfect as when alive. Phil., 1854. 24o. pp. 12. 

Dictionnaire en 60 volumes de Adelon, Alibert, etc, Article ern- 
baumements par Pelletan. T. XI. p. 505. 1815. 

Dictionnaire Encyclopedique les Sciences Medicates. 1886. T. 
33. 1’ Serie. Article Embaumement. 

Diodorus. 

Vol. I, p. 91, 

Ebers, Georg. 

Antike portraits; die hellenistischen bildnisse aus dem Fajjum 
untersuchtund gewiirdigt. Leipzig, 1893. 8o. p.73. Wdcts, 
plates. (These portraits are in the collection of Theodor 
Graf.) 

The Hellenic poi traits from the Fayum, at present in the collec¬ 
tion of Herr Graf; with some remarks on other works of this 
class at Berlin and elsewhere, newly studied and appreciated. 
New York. 1893. Small 8o. Fronts, and wdcts. 

Embalming, American Encyclopaedia. Vol. XII, p. 38. New 
York, 1883. 

Embalming,llnter-Ocean Curiosity Shop. p. 102. Chicago, 1886. 

Embalming, Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, Vol. II, p. 631. 
New York. 1887. 

Mummy, Johnson’s Universal Cyclopedia, Vol. V, p. 576. New 
York. A 1887. 

Article on Embalming in Encyclopedia Britannica. 9th Ed. Vol. 
VIII, p. 158. 1878. 

Article on Mummy, ditto. Vol. XVII, p. 20. 1878. 

Esperou, L. B. S. P. 

Sur Part de l’embaumement. 4o. Paris. 1835. 

Ezweiler. 

De conditura cadaverum humanorum. Marburg. 1702. 4o. 

Falconi. 

Quelques mots sur la conservation des pieces anatomiques, et sur 
les embaumements. 8o. Paris, 1853. 

Filippi, G. 

Sulla conservazione dei cadaveri. Torino, 1883. So. Gior. di 
farm. 

Francis. 

The History of Preservative Anatomy, from 1630 to 1878. Am. 
M. Month. T. IX, p. 317. N. Y., 1878. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


49 


Franchina, G. 

Bericht liber die am 18. Miirz 1835 im Haupt-Militar-Hospital 
della Trinita zu Neapel stattgehabte offentliche Ausstellung 
der jenigen Leichname, welcbe nach dem von ihm entdeckten 
Verfahren einbalsamirt worden waren, sowie iiber die ver- 
schiedenen Operationen bei der Enthiillung des Geheimnisses 
und bei Darstellung dieser neuen Verfahrungsart. Nebst 
bistorischer einleitung liber die verschiedenen Methoden des 
einbalsamirens bei den Alten und Neuern. Aus dem Itali- 
enischen iibersetzt und mit einem Vorwort begleitet von H. 
A. F. y. Gersdorff. 8o. Weimar. 1837. 

Gaddi, P. 

Sulle injezione piro-metalliche nelle cavita ossea dell’ aparato 
uditivo nell’ nomo ed in alcuni animali. 4o. Modena. 1862. 

Gannal. 

[Les embaumements.l 8o. Sceaux. 

Histoire des Embaumements. 8o. Paris. 1838. 

Notice sur les Embaumements. 8o. Paris. 1839. 

Gannal, J. N. 

History of Embalming and of Preparations in Anatomy, Pathology 
and Natural History. Translated from the French, with notes 
and additions by R. Harlan. 8o. Phil. 1840. 

Gannal. 

Histoire des Embaumements et de la preparation des pieces 
d’anatomie normale, d’anatomie pathologique et d’histoire 
naturelle; suivie de procedes nouveaux. 2d edition, 8o. 
Paris. 1841. 

The same. Translated by R. Harlan. So. Phil, 1840. 

Quelque reflexions sur les embaumements, faits authentiques de 
conservation durable. 8o. Paris. 1842. 

[Lettre] a M. Pasquier. 8o. Paris. 1842. 

Lettre adressee a Pinstitut (Academie Royale des Sciences) sur 
la question des embaumements. 8o. Paris. 1843. 

[Lettre] a M. Caventou. 8o. Paris. 1845. 

Lettre aux medecins sur la question des embaumements. 8o. 
Paris. 1845. 

Response a la lettre adressee par Vaseur a M. Yignolo a Poccasion 
de l’embaumement de Mgr. Parcheveque de Paris. 8o, 
Paris. 1863. 

Gautier, Theophile. 

Le Roman de la momie. Nouvell ed. 12o. Paris. 1870. 

The Romance of the Mummy. From the French by A. T. Wood. 
8o. N. Y. 1863. 


50 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Gestro, R. 

Manuale del imbalsamatore. 80 . pp. 118. Milan. 1883. 
Gervais. 

Des embaumements sous la rapport historique, scientifique et 
religieux. 8 o. Lyon. 1845. 


Gorini, P. 

Nuovo methodo per la conservazione dei cadaveri. 8 o. Milano. 
1848. 

Gil, R. Martin, 

El arte de embalsamar, Con un prologo del Dr. Rodriguez Men¬ 
dez. 8 o. pp. 154, Malaga. 1894. 

Granville, A. B. 

An Essay on Egyptian Mummies, with Observations on the Art of 
Embalming among the Ancient Egyptians. 4o. London. 
1825. 


Greenhill, T. 

Nekrokadeia: or the Art of Embalming; wherein is shown the 
right of burial, the funeral ceremonies and several ways of 
preserving dead bodies in most nations of the world, etc. In 
3 parts. 4o. London. 1705. 

Guibert, Philibert, 

The Charitable Physician and the Charitable Apothecary. Writ¬ 
ten in French. Translated by I. W. 4o. pp, 61. London. 
1639. 

“The Manner to Embalme a Dead Corps.” pp. 143-173. 

Guybert, P. 

Maniere d’embaumer les corps morts. 

Toutes les oeuvres charitables, derniere ed. Small 8 o. pp. 863- 
880. Paris. 1647. 

Hahn, L. et Thomas, L. 

Embaumements. 

Diet. Encycl. d. Sc. Med. Istser. v. 33. pp. 584-600. Paris. 1886. 

Hendewerck, G. B. 

De mumia. 4o. Halae Magdeburg. 1737. [Thesis.] 

Herodotus. 

Embalming in Egypt. Book II, 86-90. (pp. 67-70 of “Egypt and 
Scythia” CasselPsNational Library, v. l,no. 22, June 26,1886.) 
Describes methods employed by Egyptians in embalming. 

Hirsciifeld, M.£L. 

Des injections capillaires. 4 o. Paris, 1848. [Thesis]. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


51 


Hoffman, G. D. 

Obseryationes circa Bombyces, Sericum, etMoros, exantiquitatum, 
historiarum,3 juriumque |penu depromptaej 4o. Tubingen. 
1757. Describes'the use'of silk^ by the ancients. Collected 
statements by ancient authors on the subject. 

Humboldt, Alex. von. 

Personal narrative of gravel to'the equinoctial regions of America 
during the years 1799-1804. London. 1852. 12mo. 3 vols. 
In yol. 1, pp. 123-124 refers to the mummy caves of the 
Teneriffe and describes manner in which skeletons are pre¬ 
served. In vol. 2, pp. 482-489 describes the Cavern of 
Atariupe on the Orinoco River where about six hundred mum¬ 
mies were observed. Also describes method by which the 
bodies are preserved and buried in the ground. 

Isenflamm, H, F. von. 

UeberMumien. 1822. 

Anat. Untersuchungen. Erlangen, pp. 301-320. 

Jeannel, J. 

De Pembaumement. 

N. diet, de med. et chir. prat. v. 12, pp. 602-611. Paris. 1870. 

Joly, N. 

Notice sur une momie americaine, du temps des Incas, trouvee 
dans la Nouvelle—Grenade. So. Toulouse. 

Mem. Acad. nat. d. sc. de Toulouse. 

Kettner, F. G. and Suschky, J. S. 

De mumiis ASgyptiacis. 4o. Lipiae, 1694. 

Kettner, F. G. 

Movyia Tgo v AiyV 7 trioov, sive historicum schediasma de 
mumiis ASegyptiacis deque egregia Lipsiensi in bibliotheca 
instructissima magnifici senatus quondam visa. 2d edition. 
12o. Lipsiae. 1703. 

Keinhardt, J. 

Quinque mumias ^bestiarum Aegyptiacas describendo prolusit. 
4o. Hawniae. 1824. 

Rodriguez, F. F. 

Informe sobrejhonorarios de embalsemamiento. Frab. Com. de 
med. lig. e. hig. publ. de la z. Acad, de cien med. de la 
T. II, p. 257. Habana. 1873. 

Koenig. 

Beschreibung einer Mumie. 4o. Ratibor. 1863. 

Lacauchie, A. E. 

Traite d’hydrotomie ou des injections d’eau continues dans les 
rechereheg anatomiques. 8o. Paris. 1853. 


52 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Lanzoni, J. 

Tractatus de balsamatione cadaverum, in quo non tantum de pol- 
linctura apudyeteres, sed etiam de variis balsamandi cadayera 
modis apud recentes multa curiosa breviter exponuntur. 18o. 
Geneva, 1693. • 

Langguth. 

De Mumies Avium in Labyrintho apud Sacaram Repertis. 4o. 
Yiteberg. 1803. 

Langguth, C. A. 

De bestiis iEgyptiorum studio conversis in mumias. 4o. Yite- 
bergae. 1808. 

Laskowski, S. 

L’embaumement: la conservation des sujets et les preparations 
anatomiques. Memoire couronne par PAcademie des Sciences 
de Caen. 8 o. pp. 154. Geneva. 1886. 

Leche, J. 

De Mumia iEgyptiaca. Small 4o. Londini Gothorum, [Thesis.] 
1739. 

Ledrain. 

Les Momies Greco-Egyptiennes. Paris. 1877. 

Lessley, M. 

Treatise on Embalming, including a full and concise description 
of the methods to be employed for the preservation of the 
human body after death, by chemical or other known pro¬ 
cesses, etc. 8 o. pp. 156. fig 3. Toledo, O. 1884. 

Lewis, Dr. 

The Embalmer’s Guide. A Practical and Comprehensive Treatise 
on Embalming. Ill. pp. 200. Chicago, Ill. 

Lepricur. 

De ’Palcool arsenique et le son emploi pour la conservation des 
collections. Rec. de mem. de med. . . mil, T. V. pp. 230- 
239. Paris. 1861. 

Recherche sur la conservation temporaire des cadavres au point 
de vue les travaux de dissection et la medecine operatoire. 
4o. Paris. 1873. 

Letellier. 

Conservation de Corps. Paris. 1843. 4o. 

Lianopoulos, D. A. 

Uepi rapixev<j£GQ5 napa roi5 apxodoi 3 . 

FaXi'fVOSy Athens. 1189. J©'. pp. 66 , 83,98. 

Lieber. F. W. 

TJeber Aegyptischer Mumien, ihre Entstehung, Zweck und Ber- 
eitungart. 80 . Wien. 1820. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


53 


Loerenthal. 

Uber die Verwendung der in der Jean Wickersheimerscher Con- 
servierungs flussigkeit aufbewahrten Praeparate zu mikroskop 
TJntersuchungen. 4o. Diss. Berlin. 1880. 

Magnus, I. 

Das Einbalsamieren der Leichen in alter und neuer Zeit. 80 . 
Braunschweig. 1839. 

Gannal. 

Notice sur les Embaumements. 8 o. Paris. 1839* 

Marchal, deCalyi. 

Question de Pembaumement. 8 o. Paris. 1843. 

Marjolin, J. N. 

Manuel de PAnatomic. Paris. 1810. 

Mauchart, B. S. 

De injectionibus sic dictis anatomicis. 4o. Tubingen. 1721. 
Maspero, G. (C. C.) 

Uncovering the Mummy of Rameses II, King of Egypt. Prof. 
Maspero’s official report. With “Letter of Brugsch-Bey to 
the ‘Ulustrirte zeitung,” and poem by H. D. Raunsley. fo. 
pp. 4. Wdcts. Boston. 1886. 

Maspero. 

Les Momies Royales de Deis El Batari. 4o. Sep. Abdr. 1889. 
Masse, Jules. 

Petit traite des embaumements. So. Paris. 1853. 

Mathias Mayor. 

Essai sur PAnthropo taxidermie ou sur Papplication a l’espece 
humain des principes de Pempaillage. 8 o. Paris. 1838. 
Memoranda Illustrative of Egyptian Tombs; also Remarks on 
Mummies. Small 8 o. Plates. 1822. 

Mitchell, Sam’l L. 

Account of m ummy from Kentucky. Trans, and Coll. Amer. 
Antiq. Soc. V. 1, p, 318. 1820. (Quoted by Yarrow.) An 
account of a mummy found in a limestone cave in Kentucky. 

Monro. 

Teutamina circa methodum partes animantium affabre injiciendi 
latin. don. Fr. Bonegarde, 8 o. Lugd. Bat. 1741. 

Morgan. 

The Art of Making Anatomical Preparations by Corrosion. Tr. 
Am. Phil. Soc. II. p. 366-383. Phila. 1876. 

Mummy. American Encyclopeadia. Vol. VI. New York. 1883. 
Morel et Duval. 

Manuel de l’anatomiste. pp..7. Paris. 1883. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


H 

English Cyclo^dia. 

Arts and Sciences. V. 5, pp. 825-827. 18G7. Describes method 
of treatment of bodies and bandages. Also discusses embalm¬ 
ing of animal bodies. 

Encyclopaedia Metropolitana. 

Mummy. Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, or Universal Dictionary 
of Knowledge. V. 22. pp. 328-338. London. 1845. Gives 
ancient and modern accounts of embalming; describes the 
places of deposit, methods ot embalming. 

Murat. 

Diet en 30 yol. Art Embaumement. T. XI. p. 299. 1839. 

Murray. 

Hand-book of Egypt. 1880. 

Nekrosozoic or Embalming Process. Reports of F. Delafield, J. 
R. Wood, R. 0. Doremus, A. Flint, Jr., and extracts from 
the press. So. New York. 1868. 

Neichel, C. 

De pollinctura cadaverum humanorum juxta antiquos et recentes. 
8o. Pestini. 1821. (Thesis.) 

OsiANDER, F. B. 

Abhandlg. iiber das vortheilhafte aufbewahren thierischer Korper 
in Weingeist. 4o. Gothingen. 1793. 

Panceri, P. 

La Mummia Peruviana del Museo Nazionale di Napoli. Nota 
letta nella tornata del di 26 gennaio 1868 della Academia 
Pontaniana. 4o. Naples. 1868. Atti. Accad. Pontaniana, 
Y. 9. 

Paulinus, A. S. Barth. 

Mumiographia Musei Obiciani. 4o. Batavii. 1799. 

Parcelly. 

Etude historique et critique des embaumements, avec description 
d’une nouvelle methode. 8o. pp. 189. Lvons and Paris. 
1891. 

Pare, A. 

Discours. Ascavior: de la mumie, des venins, de la licorne et 
de la peste. Small 4o. Paris. 1582. 

Pelletan fils. 

Embaumement. Diet. d. Sc. Med. V. 11, pp. 505 528. Paris. 
1815. 

Penicher, L. 

Traite des embaumements selon les anciens et les modernes. 
Avec une description de quelques compositions balsamiques 
et odorantes. 12o. Paris. 1699. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


55 


Perrot, J. F. A. 

Essai sur les momies. 80 . Plates. Nimes. 1844. 

Peters, H. 

Ein Versuch Leichen zu anatomischen Studien zu conserviren, 
Schmidt & Falirbiicher. cxlix, p. 103. Leipzig, 1871. 

Pettigrew, T. J. 

A history of Egyptian mummies, with an account of the worship 
and embalming of the sacred animals by the Egyptians, with 
remarks on the funeral ceremonies of different nations, and 
observations on the mummies of the Canary Islands, of the 
ancient Peruvians, Burman priests, etc. 4o. London. 1834. 

Pickering, Charles. 

The Gliddon Mummy-Case in the Museum of the Smithsonian 
Institution, fF. (2) pp. 4. Smithsonian Institution Contribu¬ 
tions to Knowledge. 4o, xvi, 208. Colored plate. 1870. 

The same, separated. 4o. Wash. 1869, 

Pierreh. 

Le Liyre des Morts des Anciens Egyptiens. Paris. 1882. 

Pinkerton. 

Collection of Voyages. 1812. V. 13, p. 39. (Quoted by Yarrow.) 

Account of method of preserving bodies by Indians of Virginia 
and taken from Smith’s Virginia. 

Pole, T. 

The anatomical Instructor; or, an illustration of the modern and 
most approved methods of preparing and preserving the dif¬ 
ferent parts of the human body .... by injection, corrosion, 
etc. 8 o. London. 1790. 

PRICnARD. 

Egyptian Mythology, p. 200. 

Quellmaii, S. Th. 

De oleo palmae materia injectionibus anatomicis optissima Progr. 
4o. Lips. 1750. 

Rapport de l’Academie des sciences sur le procede d’embaume- 
ment de M. Gannal, Institute de France, seance du 24 Mars, 
1848. 8 o. Paris, 

Reese, J. J. 

Mummification. Text-book of Medical Jurisprudence and Toxi¬ 
cology. 3d edition, p, 55. Phila. 1891. Defines mummifi¬ 
cation and states conditions under which it takes place. 

Reinhardt, J. 

Quinque mumias bestiarum iEgyptiacas describondo prolusit. 
Small 4o. Havniie. 1824. 


66 


Embalming and Embalming'Fluids. 


Renouard, A. 

The Undertaker’s Manual. A Treatise Embracing Detailed In¬ 
structions for Embalming and Preserving Dead Bodies, with 
Hints to Funeral Directors. Second edition. Rochester, 
New York. 1881. 


Ribes, P. 

Histoire de l’ouverture et de l’embaumement du corps de Louis 
XVIII, fondateur de l’acad. royale de medecin pere medecin 
ordinaire de PHotel royal des invalids. 1834. 

Richardson, B. W. 

Burial, Embalming and Cremation. Ministry of Health. 8o. 
pp. 230-277. London. 1876. 

The Art of Embalming. Wood’s Med. and Surg. Monog. 8o. 
V. 3, pp, 595-641. N. Y. 1889. 


Rind. 

Thebes, its Tombs and its Tenants. London. 1862. 

Rivero, E. Mariano de 

Antiquededas Peruanas. Referred to by Tschudi. (Travels in 
Peru. p. 353.) 1846. 

Bobierre. 

New Method of Preservation of Animal Substances, Applicable to 
Embalming of Bodies, etc. 18o. Paris. 1845. 

Rouelle. 

Memoires de l’academie des sciences, concours experimental des 
methodes d’embaumement lavant l’academie nationale de 
medecine. 8o. Paris. 1750. 

Rouyer, P. C. 

Notice sur les embaumements des anciens Egyptiens. Description 
de l’Egvpte, ou recueil des observations et des recherches qui 
ont ete faites en Egypte pendant l’expedition de l’armee 
Francaise. Antiquites, memoires. V. I, pp. 207-220. Folio. 
1809. 

Samson, H., and others. 

Official Text-book and Lexicon of the National Funeral Directors’ 
Assoc. So. N. Y. 1887. 

Sappey, P. C. 

Injection, Preparation, et Conservation des vaisseaux lymphat- 
iques. 4o. Paris. 1843. (Thesis.) 

Schoolcraft, H. R. 

History of Indian Tribes of the United States. 1855. Part 4. pp. 
155, et seq. (Quoted by Yarrow.) Account of embalming 
bodies by Congaree or Santee Indians of South Carolina. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


57 


Schueltze, Chr. F. 

Be Sicca coporum animalium conservatioDe. 4o. Lips. 1741. 
Seyffarth, G. 

Egyptian Theology According to a Paris Mummy-Case. 80 . 
Photo and plate. Westermann. 1879. 

Smith, G. 

Tho Gannal Process. So. London. 1840. 

Sullivan, F. A. 

Practical Embalming. The most improved methods of arterial 
embalming and cavity injection, etc. 12o. pp. 104. Boston. 
1887. 

* 

St. Vincent, Bory de, 

Essais sur les lies Fortunees. p. 495. 

Steel, J. E. 

Embalming as Practiced in Ancient and Modern Times: Its Ap¬ 
plicability to the Preservation of Anatonomical and Pathologi¬ 
cal Specimens. Trans. Med. Soc. N. Y. pp. 18-24. Albany. 
1866. 

Stieda, L. 

Eine Notiz ubcr die injection von Leichen. Arch. f. Anat., Physiol, 
u. Wissensch. Med. p. 753. Leipzig. 1870, 

Straus-Burckiieim, H. 

Traite pratique et theorique d’anatomie comparative. 2 Vol. 
8 o. Paris. 1842. 

Stuart. 

The Funeral Tent of an Egyptian Queen. London. 1882. 
Sucquet. 

Rapport sur divers modes d’embaumement. 8 o. p. 24. Paris. 
1847. 

Sucquet, J. P. 

De P conversation des traits du visage dans Pembaumements. 
8 o. Paris. 1862. 

De l’embaumement chez les anciens et chez les modernes et des 
conversations pour Petude de Panatomie. 8 o. Paris. 1872. 

Sue, J. J. 

Anthropotomie ou Part d’embaumer les corps liumain. Paris 
1765. 

Swan, J. 

A new method of making anatomical preparations, particularly 
those relating to the nervous system. 3d ed. 8 o. London. 
1833. 

An account of a new method of making anatomical preparations. 
8 o. London. 


58 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Szent, Petri. 

De conditione corporum. 4o. Italae. 1741. 

Tardieu, A. 

Dictionnaire d’hygiene publique et de solubrite. Paris. 1862. 

Tentzelius, A. 

Medicina diastatica, hoc est singularis ilia et adinirabilis ad 
distans, et beneficio mumialis transplantationis operationem 
et efficaciam habens, quse ipsa loco commentarii in tractatum 
tertium de tempore sen philosop. D.Theoph. Paracelsi [etc]. 
32o. Erfurti. 1661. 

Thiesen, G. 

De materia ceracea eiusque injectione anatomica. 4o. Regio- 
monti. 1731. 

Tomlinson. 

On a royal Egyptian coffin in the British museum. 4o. Sept. Abdr. 

Monro. 

Yersuch, welcher in sich enthiilt: 1. die methode in die Theile 
thierischer Koerper kiinstlich einzuspritzen. 2. dergleichen 
Praeparata. Aus dem Engl, von Wolfram. So. Sep. Abde. 

Fritse, A. 

De conditura corporum mortuorum. 4o. Diss. Berol. 1835. 

Tschudi, J. J. von. 

Travels in Peru during the years 1838-1842, on the Coast, in the 
Sierra, across the Cordilleras and the Andes, into the prim¬ 
aeval forests. Translated from the German by Thomasina 
Ross. 12mo. pp. 354. New York. 1852. On pages 351-353 
describes the mode of burial of Ancient Peruvians; manner in 
which bodies were wrapped; and quotes from Barrow the 
method of embalming, which he does not accept. 

Uncovering the mummy of Rameses II, king of Egypt, the oppres¬ 
sor of the Jews in the time of Moses. The mummy of the 
Egyptian king, Rameses II, of the nineteenth dynasty (about 
1400 to 1250 B. C.), stripped of its coverings. From photo¬ 
graphs. 2 leaves, folio. Boston. 1866. 

Valentini, M. B. 

Amphitheatrum zootomicum. Accedit methodus secandi cadavera 
humana, cum enchiresibus injicieudi ceram, hydrargyrum et 
stannum in vasa sanguifera etlymphatica [anon] et D. Simonis 
Pauli modus de albandi os3a pro sceletopoeia. Folio. Frank- 
fort-on-Ma:n. 1720. 

Vater, Ch. 

De conditura cadaverum. Wittenberg. 4o. 1693. 

Vega, Garsillasoo de la. 

Conquest of Peru. Contains account of Peruyian Mummies. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


59 


Verteuil de Feuillas, M. H. B. T. de. 

Des agents proposes pour conserver les pieces d’anatomie patliolo- 
gique; au quel de ces agents faut, il donner la preference? 
4o. Paris. 1840. 

Vessi-Brebisius. 

De Pollinctura. 4o. 1695. 

Von Tseuflamm. 

Ueber Mumien. Anat. Unters. 4o. p. 301. Erlangen. 1822. 
Warren, J. C. 

Description of an Egyptian Mummy, presented to the Mass. Gen¬ 
eral Hospital; with an Account of the Operation of Embalm¬ 
ing in Ancient and Modern Times. 8o. pp. 34. 2 plates. 
Boston. 18—. 

Watson. 

On Preserving Anatomical Preparations in Spirits. M. and S. J. 
XXXV. pp. 328-331. Edinb. 1831. 

Wedelius, G. W. 

[Pr.] de balsamatione corporis Christi. 4o. Jena, 1691. 

[Pr.] de balsamatione corpornm in genere. 4o. Jena. 1691. 

Wells. 

New Mode of Preserving Morbid Preparations. Tr. Paph. Soc. 
XVI. p. 277. London. 1869. 

Wilkinson, J. G. 

The Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians. New edition. 
Kevised by Samuel Birch. 8o. 3 vols. London. 1878. Il¬ 
lustrated. In Vol. 3, pp. 470-489 discusses embalming. 

Wood, J. G. 

Embalming by Australian Aborigines. Uncivilized Paces ol the 
World. 1874. V. 2, p. 774 et seq. (.Quoted by Yarrow.) De¬ 
scribes method of treating bodies of dead before burial on 
platforms. 

Wynodzoff. 

On a Method of Embalming the dead, by the Use of Thymol. So. 
Philadelphia. 1876. 

Yates. 

Textrium Antiquorum, pp. 161-249. London. 1843. Describes 
the custom in Italy of wrapping dead bodies in linen. 

Yarrow, H. C. 

Introduction to the Study of Mortuary Customs among the North 
American Indians. 4o. pp. 120. Washington. 1880. 

A Further Contribution to the Study of the Mortuary Customs of 
the North American Indians. First Ann. Kept. Bu. Ethnol¬ 
ogy for 1879-80. Washington, 1881. 8o, pp. 87-203. Many 


60 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


illustrations. On pp. 130-137 discusses embalmment or mum¬ 
mification among the Indians, quoting from various writings 
accounts of mummies and modes of embalming. 

Zeidlern, S. C. 

Somatotomia andropologica, seu corporis humani fabrica methodice 
divisa. Praeparante filio B. N. a Zeidlern. Folio. Vienna. 
1692. 


II. PERIODICALS. 

The Sunnyside, New York. Volumes xxvi. 1896. 

The Casket, Rochester, New York. Vulumes xxi. 1896. 

The Western Undertaker, Chicago, Ill. Volumes xvii. 1896. 

The Embalmer’s Monthly, Chicago, Ill. Volumes viii. 1896. 

The Furniture and Upholster’s Journal, Quebec, Ontario. 

The Furniture and Upholster’s Journal, London, England. 

The Lancet, London, England. 

The Sanitary World, London, England. 

The Asclepiad, London, England. 

The Undertaker’s News, Manchester, England. Monthly News¬ 
paper, No. 37. Jan., 1896. 

III. CONTRIBUTIONS TO PERIODICALS AND TECHNICAL 

JOURNALS. 


Acby. 

Ueber die conservirung von Durchschnitten gefrorener Korper- 
theile. Berlin. Centralbl. f. d. med. Wissensch. 1879. T. xiii, p. 
191. Account of an extraordinary mummy found in Auvergne. 
Penny Magazine. 1840. v. 9, pp. 149-150. Quotes from 
“Travels in Auvergne in 1787 and 1788,’’ by Legrand, account 
of finding of prehistoric mummy in Auvergne. The mummy 
and the materials used in preserving it are also described. 

Anderson, W. 

Some Western Mummies. Science. 1887. V. 10, pp. 146-148. 
figs. 4. Describes mummies found in New Mexico and Arizona. 

A new process of embalming. The Sunnyside, V. 24, No. 2. Feb. 
1894. p. 16. Refers to Marini’s method. 

Ancient modes of embalming the dead. Littell’s Living Age. 
1877. V. 134 (5th ser. v. 19). pp. 447-448. Brief description 
of methods. Reprinted from “Sunday at Home.’’ 

Babington, B. G. and Rees, G. 0. 

On the preservation of subjects for anatomical purposes. Guy’s 
Hosp. Reports. London. 1839. V. 4, pp. 442-447. London 
Lancet. 1839. V. 1, p. 295. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


61 


Babington, B. G. 

Preservation of bodies. London Med. Gaz. 1840. V. 1, pp. 541-543. 
Badikoff, P. 

Rare case of mummification of a dead body. Yestrick cbsh. hig. 
sudeb. i prakt. med. St Petersburg. 1889. Y. 3, pt. 3, pp. 
15-18. 

Baillie, M. 

On the embalming of dead bodies. Trans. Soc. Improy. Med. and 
Chir. Knowledge. London. 1812. Y. 3, pp. 7-23. 

Baldwin, W. T. 

Embalming aids justice. The Sunnyside, N. Y. V. 22, No. 4. 
(Apr., 1892). p. 29. Details of a casein which preservation 
of a body proves the innocence of an accused man. 

Bandet, M. 

Embalming: A process in 1824. The Sunnyside, N. Y. V. xxv, 
No. 1, p. 22. Jan. 1895. 

Barbet, A. 

Mastic pour la conservation des pieces anatomiques. Bordeaux. 
J. d. med. d. Bordeaux. 1857. 2s. T II, p. 129. 

Barnes, Carl L. 

The Barnes Needle Process. Embalmer’s Monthly. V. 5, No. 
4, p. 52. Chicago, Ill. 1894. 

Barnes, C. L. 

Death and its Accompanying Phenomena. One of a series of 
twelve articles written for the Western Undertaker. Y. 16, 
No. 7. July, 1895. 

Transportation of remains dead from infectious or other diseases. 
The Sunnyside, N. Y. V. xxv, No. 7, p. 16. July, 1895. 

Barrow, Francisco. 

Mem. de Ciencias Naturales, V. 2, p. 106. (Quoted by Tschudi, 
Travels in Peru. p. 353;. 

Beisso, T. 

11 metodo del Doltor Marini.“Risposta del Prof. De 

Cr^cchio,” e “Risposta del Prof. Beisso.”, N. Liguria med. 
Genova. 1871. V. 16, pp. 161:233:241. 

Bogros. 

Procede pour conserver des pieces d’anatomie seche et flexible. 
Paris. 1819. Bull. Fac. med. de Paris. T. vi, p. 426. 

Botcherly. Blackett. 

The Caves of Samoon : A yisit to the mummy crocodiles. Leisure 
Hour. 1873. V. 22, pp. 149-152. Describes visit to cave 
containing numbers of mummy crocodiles. 



62 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Bottini, E. 

Conservazione di organi umani naturali e patologici. Gior. d. r. 
Accad. di med. di Torino, 1875. V. 38, pp. 130-138. 

Boudet [et al]. 

Rapport sur plusieures substances provenant d’une momie 
d’Egypte, Mem. Acad, de Med. Paris. 1833. V. 3, part 2, 
pp. 46-62. 

Boudet. 

Procede de conseryatione des pieces anatomiques. Bull. Soc. 

de Paris. 4th Ser., V. 2, pp. 293-297. 

Progres. Med. Paris. 1887. V. 5, p. 591. 

Brebant. 

Notes sur un curieux procede d’embaumement et de momification 
constate sur deux cadavres trouves a Reims dans des cercueils 
de plomb. Union med. et scient. du nordest. Reims. 1886. 
V. 10, pp. 290-305. 

Caillaud, F. 

Rapport de M. Marechal sur la momie donnee a la Societe Ac- 
ademique. Jour, de la sect, de med. Soc. Acad. Loire-Inf. 
Nantes. 1826. V. 2, pp. 180-196. 

Breschet, G. 

Art de l’anatomie. De la desiccation et des autres moyens de 
conservation des pieces anatomiques. 4o. Paris. 1819. 

Aussidans: Theses. Paris. No. 2. pp. 209-288. 

Brinton. 

On a New Method of Preserving Anatomical and Pathological 
Specimens. Med. Exam. Phila. 1894- V. X, p. 398. 

Brouardel. 

Sur un cas de momification d’un cadavre: applications medico- 
legalea. Bull. Acad, de Med, Paris. 1886. 2d Ser., V. 15, 
pp. 793*811. 

Brownlie, J. R. 

On Certain Mummy Teeth. Jour. Brit. Dent. Asso. London. 
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Doratt, J. 

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Edwards, A. B. 

Newly Discovered Egyptian Antiquities Harper’s Mag. Y. 65, 
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Giacomini, C. 

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Harrie, Dr. L. E. 

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Harris, W. W. 

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Heller. J. P. 

Anyendung der Gutta Percba zur Leichenconservirung. Auh, f. 
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Hohenschuh, W. P. 

Embalming as a Sanitary Measure. The Sunnyside. V. 22, No. 
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Holmes, Tiios. 

Dangerous embalming. Use of arsenic and corrosive sublimate 
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Horner, W. E, 

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How is the carotid artery injected? The Sunnyside. V. 23, No. 
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Howse, H. G. 

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How to wash blood from arteries. The Sunnyside. V. 23, No. 6, 
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IIuncke, Max. 

Dispute between Embalmers and Physicians. Can proof of 
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Huncke, M. 0. 

Chemistry and Embalming. The Sunnyside. V. 23, No. 2, pp. 
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Embalming and Embalming Fluids . 


71 

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Hussey, R. W. 

Ordinary Embalming. The Sunnyside. Y. 23, No. 6, p. 16. fig. 
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Higher Education and Consistent Legislation for Embalmers. 
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Imada, Tsukane. 

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Jeannel, J. 

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Konig, H. 

Leichen aus einem Salzschacht. Pest. med. chir. Presse. Y, 26, 
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Knowles, H. R. 

Puzzled Embalmers Enlightened. The Sunnyside, Y. 4, No 41. 
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Knowles, H. B. 

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Lambl. 

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Laskowski. 

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Leaky Lung Tissue [in Embalming]. The Sunnyside, V. 23, No. 4. 
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Martin, S. 

Nouveau moyen de conserver lesecadavres humains. Bull. gen. 
de therap., etc. V, 75, p. 31. Paris. 18C8, 

McDounell, J. 

On the use of oxalic acid in aqueous solution as a preservative for 
anatomical preparations. Med. Gaz. V. 2, p. 18. London. 
1828. 

Mead, I. L. 

A Talk on Embalming. The Sunnyside. V. 20, No. 10. N. Y. 
October, 1890. Describes modern method of injecting bodies. 

Menchero, C. 

Diversos medios practicos que se ban puesto en juego para con- 
seguira la conservacion de los cadaveres desde los tiempos 
mas remotos hasta nuestras dias. Genio med. quir. Y. 24, 
pp. G29, 640, 654, 674, 685. Madrid, 1878. 

Migliarini. 

Unrolling of a Mummy at Florence. Archaeoiogia. V. 36, p. 161. 
Mio, Solo. 

What Embalming does for Humanity. The Sunnyside. Y. 22, 
No. 4, p. 7a. April, 1892. Argues in favor of embalming as 
against preservation by ice before burial. 

Micnu, C. 

Solubilite de l’acide arsenieux dan l’alcool. Liquide pour la con¬ 
servation des pieces anatomiques. Bull. gen. de Therap. T, 
lxxxviii, pp. 356-398. Paris. 1870. 

Merritt, J. K. 

Remarks on mummied heads taken from the Jiravo Indians of 
Ecquador, with an account of the various modes of embalm¬ 
ment. Am. M. Times. Y. 6, pp. 193-205. N. Y. 1863. 

Method of preserving dead bodies and the anatomical preparation. 
Congr. period, internat lea Sc. med. Compt.-rend. pp. 697-703. 
Geneva. 1878. 

4 

Monro, A. 

On the art of injecting the vessels of animals. Med. Essays and 
Obs. Soc. Y. 1, pp. 94-111. Edinb. 1733. 

On the method of preparing and preserving the parts of animal 
bodies for anatomical purposes. Med. Essays and Obs. Soc. 
V. 3, pp. 107-133. Edinb. 1735. 

Moreau, P. 

Nouveau procede pour la conservation des pieces pathologiques. 
Union Med. T. 1, p. 449-453. Paris. 1876. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


75 


Mueller, J. 

Anvendung des Kreostotwassers zur Conservation und Preparation 
des Gehirns und Riickenmarks. Arch. f. Anat. Physiol, u. 
Wiss. Med. p, 95. Berlin. 1834. 

Mummy Wheat. Spectator. V. 73, pp. 437, 524, 559. 

Mummies. Penny Magazine. V. 5, pp. 106-108. 1836. Quotes 
from V. 2 of “Egyptian Antiquities” in “Library of Entertain¬ 
ing Knowledge,” Plerodotus’s description of embalming. 
Also a description of a mummy written by M. Villoteau. 

Mummification der Leichen Amerikanischer Indianer. Allg. 
ztschr. f. epiderniol. Erlanger. V. 1, p. 157. 1874. 

M. W. 

The new process of mummification. Nation. V. 7, pp. 29 30. 
1868. Describes anatomical specimens preserved by Marini’s 
process, 

Nettleship. 

Note of a new method of preserving and mounting eyes. Ophth. 
Hosp. Dep. VII, pp. 227-228. London. 1871-3. 

New process of preserving animal subjt. M. and S. J. Y 36, 
pp. 216-219. Boston. 1847. 

New York Bill (to regulate embalming). The Sunnyside. Y. 21, 
No. 3. N. Y. March, 1891. Text of bill introduced into New 
York Legislature to regulate embalming. 

Nicholas. 

Precis historique des embaumements. Union med. de la Louisiane, 
Y. 1, pp. 172-176. New Orleans. 1852. 

Nicol, J. I. 

On preserving bodies for dissection. Month. Jour. Med. Science. 
Y. 4, p. 747, Loud, and Edinb. 1844. 

Notice sur le conservation des cadavres per les injections d’acide 
arsenieux. Ibid. 2 ser. T. VIII, p. 110. 1840. 

Notice au point de vue anatomique sur la conservation des ani- 
maux et de leurs parties, sur les diyers procedes d’embaume- 
ment, et sur le melleur procede pour faire avec succes les 
injections anatomiques. Monit. scientif. V. 1, p. 177. Paris. 
1857. 

Nott, J, C. 

Method of preserving bodies for dissection. Med. and Surg. Jour. 
V. 15, p. 191. N. Oil. 1858. 

On the method of embalming by the Egyptians, and the preserva¬ 
tion of dead bodies from decay. Jour. Franklin Insti. V. 14, 
(n. ser. v. 10) pp. 20-26. Description of methods. Phila, 1832, 


76 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


O embalsamamento segundo os processos de sucquet. Correio 
med, de Lisb. Y. 18, pp. 197*200. 1889, 


Ore. 

Procede pour la conservation du cerveau, etc. Bull. Acad. med. 
2 ser. VI. 1310-1312. Paris. 1877. 

Otto, A. W. 

Ueber Gannal’s Methode der Conservation thierischer Theile. 
Mag. f. d. ges. Heilk. Y. 52, pp. 342-3G0. Berlin, 1838. 

Pacifico, Pereira I. 

Conservacao dos cadaveres. Gaz. Med. da Bahia. 2d ser. V. 
7, pp. 54-60. 1882-83. 

Palm. 

Fall von mumification eines Leichnams. Med. Cor. Bl. d. 
wurttemb. arztl. Ver. Y. 28, pp. 106-108. Stuttgart. 1858. 

Pariset. 

Quelques vues sur les embaumemens des anciens. Rev. med. 
franc, et etrang. V. 2, pp. 409-415. Paris. 1827. 

Pelanda. 

Modificazione de methodo proposto dal prof. C. Giacomini per la 
conservazione del cervello, e lettere del prof. P. Ylacovich 
sullo stesso argomento. Gaz. med. ital. prov. venete. XXII. 
p. 123. Padova. 1879. 

Persoune. 

Action du chloral sur les matieres albumineuses. Abeille medi- 
cale. No. 31, p. 60. 1874. 

Peters, H. 

An experiment to preserve dead bodies for anatomical studies. 
Schmidt and Fahrbiicher. Y. 149, p. 103. Leipzig. 1871. 

Pettigrew, T. J. 

Examination of mummy. Archaeologia. Y. 27, p. 262. 
Pettigrew. 

On Egyptian mummies. Monthly Rev. Y. 134. (n. ser. v. 2.) 
pp. 234-242. London. 1834. Review of “A History of Egyp¬ 
tian Mummies’’ by T. J Pettigrew, 

Pique. 

New mode of preserving anatomical specimens. Bull. Soc. anat. 
le Paris. XVIII, p. 329. 1844. 

Id. XXI, p. 70-73. 1846. 

Plateau. 

Note sur procede pour donner ou pour rendre leur couleur rouge 
aux membres conseryer dans l’alcool Bruxelle. Bull. Acad. 
Roy. 1. Sc. de Belg. pp. 476-480. 1874. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


77 


POISCUEILLE. 

Rapport sur divers modes d’embaumement presente par Dupre, 
Gannal et Sucquet. Bulletin 1, l’acad. de med, T, XII. 
Paris. 1847. 


Polar, J. 

Ivilka sloiv o balsamowaniu trupoiv z pomoca sublimatu oraz za 
pomoca tymolu. (Injecetion of cadaver with sublimate and 
thymol.) Medycyna, Warszawa. 2d ser. V. 2, p. 1055. 
Med. Vestnik. Y. 21, p. 731. St. Petersb. 1882. 

Preservation of subjects for dissection. London Lancet. V. 2, 
p. 585. 1877. 

Preserving the Dead. The Sunnyside. V. 19, No. 8. Aug. 1889. 
A brief account of methods of embalming. 

Proc. Anthropological Association, p. 80. Washington, D. C. 
1879. 

Proces verbaux authentiques de Pouverture des corps des rois de 
France depuis Charles IX jusq’a nos jours. Extraits de la 
Revue et journal de la chirique. September, 1829. 

Proces de M. Gannal contre M. Marchal (de Calvi). Gaz. d. hop. 
2 ser. T. Y, p. 597. Paris. 1843. 

Proces verbal d’embaumement du corps de S. E. le cardinal Mor- 
lot, archeveque de Paris. Rev. med. franc, et etrang. V. 1, 
pp. 335-339. Paris. 1863. 

Procode de conservation les cadavres et de preparation anatomi- 
ques. Congr. period, internat. des Sc. med. Compl. rend. pp. 
697-703. Geneve. 1878. 

Prout, W. 

The art of injecting the blood vessels. Med. and Phys. Jour. V. 
30, pp. 89-96. London. 1813. 

Rapid strides in embalming. The Sunnyside. V. 22, No. 8, p. 19. 
Aug. 1892. Brief resume of old and new methods of embalm¬ 
ing. 

Rauber, A. 

Report of the means employed in medical schools of Great Britain 
for the preservation of subjects for dissection. Brit. Med. 
Jour. Y. 2, pp. 382-412. London. 1872. 

Reese, J. J. 

Murder and Embalming. The Sunnyside, V. 19, No. 12. Dec., 
1889. A communication to the Board of Health of Philadel¬ 
phia relative to embalming and the difficulty of detecting 
evidences of poisoning in cases of suspected foul play when 
bodies had been embalmed. 


78 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Renouard, A. 

A Thesis on Embalming. How the cause of death may affect the 
embalming of the body. The Sunnyside. V. 21, No. 0. 
Sept. 1891. 

Tombs of extinct races and their contents. The Sunnyside. V. 
21, No. 7. July, 1891. No. 8, Aug. 1891. N. Y. Describes 
sarcophagi and contents from Egypt, Denmark and Peru. 

Treatise on embalming. From the works of Mons. Gannal. The 
Sunnyside. Y. 22, No. 1. Jan, 1892. 

Processes of embalming. The Sunnyside. Y. 22, No. 9, p. 28. 
Describes methods of embalming recommended by Lecanu, 
Wynodzoff, Lowell, Lanjorroy and Carra. 

An English method of preserving cadavers for dissection. 'I he 
Sunnyside. Y. 22, No. 3, p. 1G. March, 1892. Describes 
method of Ralston. 

A Florentine process of embalming and preparatory experiments. 
The Sunnyside. Y. 22, No. 5, p, 30. May, 1892. Gives de¬ 
tails of method. 

Sanitary undertaking. The Sunnyside. Y. 23, No. 31 (March), 
p. 22,; No. 4 (April), p. 22; No. 5 (May), p. 22. 1893. 

Franciolla’s Process of Embalming. The Sunnyside. Y. 23, No. 
7, p. 32. July, 1893. 

Dr. Tscheirnoff’s embalming process. The Sunnyside. V. 23, 
No. 1, p. 20. Jan. 1893. 

Absence of air as a mode of body preservation. The Sunnyside. 
V. 23, No. 6, p. 22. June, 1893. 

A very simple cavity process much improved of late. The Sunny¬ 
side. Y. 23, No. 9, p. 24. Sept. 1893. 

Means employed until now, for the preservation of anatomical 
preparations. The Sunnyside. V. 24, No. 5, p. 22. May, 
1894. 

Is a body properly embalmed innocuous? The Sunnyside. Y. 24, 
No. 9, pp. 22-23. Sept. 1894. 

Franchini’s and German method of embalming. The Sunnyside. 
V. 24, No. 4. p. 22. April, 1894. 

Embalming mutilated cases. The Sunnyside. V. 24, No. 8, p. 
18. Aug. 1894. Describes process of R. McDonald. 

Embalming a certain preventive of contagion. The Sunnyside. 
V. 24, No. 10, pp. 20-21. Oct. 1894. 

Description of an embalming process by Sig. Ruttina, of Naples. 
The Sunnyside. V. 24, No. 7, p. 22. July, 1894. 

Brunetti’s process of embalming. The Sunnyside. Y. 24, No. 6, 
p. 22. June, 1894. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


79 


Creosote as a preservatiye. The Sunnyside. Y. 24, No. 2, p. 22. 
Feb. 1894. Describes creosote and its chemical action. 

Answers to questions on Embalming. The Sunnyside. V. 24, No. 
1. pp. 27-28. Jan., 1894. Gives statement regarding alum as 
a preservative; describes German method of Embalming; 
gives Belgium method ; discusses action of poisons on inter¬ 
nal organs of body; value of corrosiye sublimate as a preser¬ 
vative. 

Answers to questions on embalming. The Sunnyside. V. 24, No. 
10, p. 20. Oct., 1894. Mentions advantages of modern over 
Egyptian methods of embalming; gives the composition of 
Gannal’s fluids; notes the yalue of acids in preserving fluids. 

Use of vinegar in embalming fluids. The Sunnyside, V. 24, No. 8, 
p. 18. Aug., 1894. 

Embalming, a new process, said to produce the most wonderful 
results. Method discovered by Dr. M. Petrohf, of Odessa, in 
Crimean Russia. The Sunnyside, V. 25, No. 8, p. 14. 1895. 

Embalming of the Emperor of Russia. The Sunnyside. V. 25, 
No. 4, p. 23. April, 1895. 

Locanu’s opinions as to what is considered a mode of preservation. 
Translation. The Sunnyside. V. 25, No. 10, p. 14. 1895. 

The Use of Ryrolignoous acid and sulfate of alumina as preserva¬ 
tiye fluids. The Sunnyside. V. 2G, No. 1, p. 16. 1896. 

Bacteria, their classification. The Sunnyside. Y. 25, No. 12, p. 18. 
V. 26, No. 2, p. 18; No. 3. 1896. 

Repr. from Alti ... 2. Tst. Lomb. d. sc. c. lett. II. Milano. 
1860. 

Renouard, C. A. 

Changes that take place in the bodies of persons who had been 
. drowned. The Sunnyside. V. 25, No. 1, p. 23; No. 2, p. 

, 22 . 

General anatomy of the arterial system. The Sunnyside. V. 
25, No. 3, p. 18. March, 1895. 

Reynoso, A. 

De l’embaumement chez les Indiens Americains. Monit. d. hop. 
V. 5, pp. 711-715. Raris. 1857. 

Richardson, B. W. 

Temporary preservation of post-mortem specimens. Asclepiad. 
V. 1. p. 156. London. 

Discovery of a method of anatomical injection of the blood-vessels 
through the cerebro-spinal cayity. Asclepiad, V. 1, pp. 45- 
52. London, 1884. 

‘The art of embalming; the latest methods. Asclepiad. Y. 5, pp, 
212-228, London. 1888. 


80 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


The'art of embalming:; the ancient method. Asclepiad. V. 5, 
pp. 23-39. London. 1888. 

The art of embalming; the method by injection. Ascelpiad, V. 
5, pp. 121-134. London. 1888. 

The art of embalming. With notes by A. Renouard. The Sunny- 
side. V. 22, No. 8 (Aug. 1892), p. 22; No. 10 (Oct.), p. 23; 
No. 10 (Nov.), p. 36. Extracts from paper by Richardson, 
with notes by Renouard. Discusses needle embalming 
through inner canthus of eye; embalming with post-mortem 
examination; methods of embalming, etc. 

On the science and art of embalming the dead. Med. Times and 
Gaz. V. 2, pp. 701, 761. London, 1871. 

On the science and art of embalming the dead. Med. Times and 
Gaz. V. 1, pp. 1, 55, 111, 360. London. 1875. 

« 

Rodriguez, F. F. 

Informe sobre honorarios de embalsamamiento. Trab. Com. de 
med. leg, e big. pub. de la r. Acad, de cien. med. . . de la 
Habana. y. 2, pp. 247-251. Hayana. 1873. 

Rolleston. 

Note on the preservation of encephalon by the zinc chloride. J. 
Anat. and Physiol, xiii, p. 232. London. 1878-9. 

Rouelle. 

Precis des embaumemens. Rec. period, d’obs. de med., de chir. 
et pharm. V. 4, pp. 299-304. Paris. 1756. 

Memoires de PAcademie R. des Sciences. Paris. 1750. Anchor 
asserts that the mummy cloth he had seen was made of cotton. 

Roster, G. 

Di un nuovo metodo di preparazione e conservazione dei pezzi 
anatomici. xx, pp. 389-430. Sperinsculate, Firenze. 1867. 

Roux, A. L, 

Histoire de Part des embaumements depuis son origine jusqu’a 
nos jours. Monit. d. hop. V. 4, pp. 369-375. Paris. 1856. 

Considerations generales sur Part des embaumements et la con¬ 
servation des pieces d’anatomie et d’histoire naturelle. 
Monit. d. hop. V. 6, pp. 873-879. Paris. 1858. 

Rubinsoiin, T, 

Medica sacra; embalming of the dead. Boston. Med. and Surg. 
Journal. V. 47, pp. 407, 504. 1853. 

Sauer. 

Billings Expedition, p. 161. 1802. (Quoted by Yarrow.) Notes 
the embalming of dead by Aleutian Islanders. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


81 


SCHAAFFHAUSEN. 

Ueber die iEgyptischen Mumien in kraniologischer Beziehung. 
Sitzungsb. d. med. rbein. Gesellsch. d. nat. u. Heilk. zu Bonn, 
p. 290. 1879. 

SCHOEMAKER, A. H. 

De odtludkundige praeparaten von Professor L. Brunnetti. Ned- 
erl. Tijdschr. y. Geneesk. V. 1, pp. 529-531. Amsterdam. 
1867. 

SENEZE, V, AND NoCTZLI, J. 

Sur les momies decouyertes dans le haut Perou. Bull. Soc. d’an- 
throp. de Paris. 2d ser. V. 12, p. 640. 1877. 

Sharpless, J. T. 

A case of preservation of the human body by the acetate of alum¬ 
ina. Med. Exam. V. 1, p. 513. Phila. 1842. 

SlBTHORPE, C. 

On the preservation of bodies for dissection. Indian Med. Gaz. 
Y. 18, pp. 159-161. Calcutta. 1883. 

Strambio, G. 

Intorno alle preparazioni cadaveriche del Prof. Gorini. Gazz. 
med. ital. lomb. 3d ser., V. 6, pp. 137-141. Milan. 1855. 

Straus-Burckheim . 

Property of aqueous solutions saturated by sulfate zinc (zincic 
sulphate ?) for the preservation of animal substances. Compte 
Rendus le l’acad. les sciences. T. xlii, p. 808. Paris. 1856. 

Properietes des solutions aqueuses saturees de sulfate de zinc 
pour la conservations des substances animales. Compte 
Rendus de l’acad. des Science. T. xlii, p. 808. Paris. 1856. 

SuiBERT, P. 

Charitable Physician. London. 1639. 

Stance, F. 

Ideen zu einer neuen Leichenbestattungs-methode. Allg. mil. 
arztt. ztg. V. 15, pp. 113; 164-166. Wien. 1874. 

Stieda. 

Neue conservasionmethoden anatomischer Priiparate, St. Petersb. 
med. Ztschr. xvi, p. 314-317. 1869. 

Stigand, W. 

The Mummy. V. 6, pp. 361-366. Belgravia. 1868. Every Sat¬ 
urday, V. 6, pp. 501 sq. 1868. A popular article noting modes 
of preparing mummies. 

Straton, Col. 

Account of the Sepulchral Caverns of Egypt. Phil. Journal. Y. 
3, pp. 345-348. pi. Edinburgh. 1830. Describes caverns 
and mummies found in them. 


82 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


Sullivan, F. A. 

Embalming will not interfere with post-mortems. The Sunnyside. 
Y. 4, No. 34. May, 1888. Gives statement of post-mortem 
appearance of various organs of the body and appearance 
when death is due to poisoning. 

Tarchini, Bonfanti. 

A caso di mummificatzione umana spontanea. Gazz. med. ital. 
lomb. 4th ser. V. 1, p. 244. Milan 1856. 

Teichmann, L. 

Kit jako masa injekcyjna i sposob-nastrzykiwania ta masa. (In¬ 
jecting cavaties with cement., Roz pr, . . . wydz. matemat.- 
przyr. Akad. Umicj. w. Krakow. V. 7, pp. 108-157. 1880. 

The Century Magazine for May. New York. 1887. 

The Academy. Sept. 3d, Oct. 22d, Nov. 1st, Nov. 5th, London. 
1881. 

Titcomb. 

Liquid for the preservation of wet anatomical preparations, etc. 
Cr. Am. M. On. XXI, p, 215. Philadelphia. 1870. 

Tourneaux, F. 

Note sur les application de Pacide osmique concentre a l’etude du 
tissu osseux. Gaz. med. de Paris. 6 ser. V. 3, p. 318. 
1881. 

Also: Bull, scient. dip, du nord, etc. V. 4, pp. 113-115. Paris. 
1881. 

Toussaint. 

Die Mummification der Leichen. Vrtljschr. f. gerichtl. u. off. 
med. V. 11, pp. 203-233. Berlin. 1857. 

Vulpian. 

Preservation of anatomical specimens in perchloride of irftn. Bull. 
Soc. Anat. de Paris. XXXI, p. 165. 1856. 

Volli, C. 

Imbalsamazione della salma di un illustre personaggio eseguita 
ne primi giorni del anno 1888. Med. contemp. Y. 5, pp. 178- 
185. Naples. 1888. 

Yan Veller. 

Conservation des pieces anatomiques. Gaz. d. hopitaux. XL, 
p. 333. Paris. 1867. 

Yariot, G. 

Recherches sur la conservation du corps humain par les procedes 
galvano-plastiques. Bull, et mem. Soc. med. d. hop. de Paris. 
3 ser. V. 7, pp. 763-773. 1890. Gaz. med. de Paris. 7 ser. 
Y. 7, pp. 544-546. 







Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


88 


Yon Tseuflaunn. 

About Mummies.—In his anatomical examinations attained, etc. 
p. 301. 1822. 

Vyvodzov. 

Discourses about his method of embalming dead bodies and 
preservation of the parts of dead bodies. St. Petersburg 
Medical Journal. T. i, p. 78. 1870. 

Obalzamiro vanii vooytche i o noviechem sposobie balzamiro vania 
troupov. . . etc. Yoyenno Med. Jour. T. cxxv, p 11. St. 
Petersburg. 1876. 

Warm an, David. 

Conseryators of public health. The Sunny side. V. 23, No. 1, 
pp. 24-25. Jan., 1893. Argues in favor of embalming the dead 
and gives brief account of old and new methods. 

Warren, J. C. 

Description of an Egyptian mummy presented to the Massachu¬ 
setts General Hospital, with an account of the operation of 
embalming in ancient and modern times. Boston Jour. Phil, 
and Arts. Y. 1, pp. 164, 269. pi. 2. 1823-24. 

Whitsett, Chas. T. 

On Embalming. The Sunnyside. Y. 4, No. 23, (June) pp. 14-15; 
No. 24 (July), p. 6. 1887. Discussion of preservation of 
organic matter and of preservative fluids. 

Wickersheimer. 

Yerfahren zur Conservirung von Leichen. Klinesche Wochen- 
schrift. No. 44, p. 664. Berlin. 1879. 

Withdrawing blood with a flexible silk catheter (preparatory to 
embalming). The Sunnyside. Y. 23, No. 3, p. 6. fig. 1. 
March, 1893. Describes method and illustrates course of 
blood-vessels. 

Women as Embalmers. The Sunnyside. V. 22, No. 9, p. 13. 
Sept., 1892. Reprint from Washington Post, mentioning in 
crease in embalming and giving brief statement of one method 
of injection. 

Wright. 

Note on the preservation of minute animals in acetic acid. J. 
Anat. and Physiol. V. iv, p. 279. London. 1870. 

Wywodzoff. 

✓ 

Vortrag fiber seine Methode der “Balsamirung” von Leichen 
und Conservirung von Leichentheilen. St. Petersb. med. 
Ztschr, N. ser. V. 1, pp. 78, 86. 1870. 

O balzamirovanii voobtche i o noviechem sposobie balzamirovanija 
trupov, (etc.) (On embalming in general and on the process 
of the anatomist.) Yoyenno Med. Jour. V. 125, pt- 2, pp. 
57-144. St. Petersb. 1876. 


Embalming and Embalming Fluids. 


84 


Zanon, B. 

Solidificazione de corpi animali. Esculapio napol. V. 18, pp. 366- 
372. Naples. 1840. 

Sulla possibilita di preservare sotto terra i corpi animali gia 
mineralizzate dall’acido arsenioso, mediante l’applicazione 
della calceidraulica. Bull. d. sc. med. di Bologna. 3 ser. V. 
14, pp. 138-141. 1848. 

Ziegler, W, C. 

Embalming lucidly explained. The Sunnyside. V. 4, No. 13. 
August, 1886. Describes the circulatory system of the human 
body as a prelude to instruction in embalming. 

Zillner, E. 

Zur Kenntniss des Leichenwachses (adipocere). Vrtljschr. f. 


gerichtl. Med. n. F. V. 43, pp. 1-31. pi. 3, Berlin. 1885. 


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